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苯巴比妥

苯巴比妥
临床资料
给药途径口服、直肠、肌肉注射和静脉注射
ATC码
法律规范状态
法律规范
药物动力学数据
生物利用度>95%
血浆蛋白结合率20 - 45%
药物代谢肝脏(主要为CYP2C19
生物半衰期53 - 118 小时
排泄途径通过肾脏排出
识别信息
  • 5-ethyl-5-phenylpyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione
CAS号50-06-6  checkY
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard英语CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.000.007 编辑维基数据链接
化学信息
化学式C12H12N2O3
摩尔质量232.235 g/mol

苯巴比妥PhenobarbitalPhenobarbitone),商品名鲁米那Luminal),是一种巴比妥类的镇静剂安眠药。该药物是世界卫生组织对于发展中国家治疗特定癫痫的建议用药[1]。发达国家则通常专门用来治疗新生儿癫痫发作[2],成人及青少年则建议使用其他药物[3]。苯巴比妥可透过静脉注射、肌肉注射,或口服给药[4]。通常癫痫重积状态会以注射方式给药,因为药效作用较迅速[4]。苯巴比妥有时会被用于治疗失眠症焦虑症药物戒断症,以及手术辅助用途[4]。静脉注射给药的药效通常会在五分钟内作用,口服则需半个小时[4]。药效则通常会维持4小时至2天之久[4][5]

苯巴比妥在1912年发现,是仍在使用的抗惊厥剂英语anti-seizure medication中历史最久的[6][7]。苯巴比妥是世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单中的药品,是基础医疗必备的药品之一[8],其价格也是抗惊厥剂中最便宜的,一年约需要美金5元[9]。不过因为苯巴比妥在一些国家是管制用药英语Controlled drug,因此在这些国家可能不容易取得[9]

性质

纯品苯巴比妥是无色有光泽的结晶性粉末,无臭,味微苦,微溶于水,易溶于乙醇氯仿,熔点174℃。警示标准词有:R24

苯巴比妥与硝酸钾及硫酸共热可发生硝化反应,生成黄色硝基化合物。可与硫酸与亚硝酸钠反应,生成橙黄色产物,并随即变为橙红色。可与甲醛硫酸反应,生成玫瑰红色产物。[10]

合成路线

乙酸乙酯碳酸二乙酯在碱作用下缩合生成苯基丙二酸二乙酯,然后与氯乙烷乙醇钠存在下再次缩合,得到苯基乙基丙二酸二乙酯,再与尿素环合,即生成苯巴比妥。[10]

苯巴比妥 合成

副作用

苯巴比妥借由增加抑制性神经传导物质氨酪酸而作用。副作用包括嗜睡与呼吸抑制。长期使用后往往会有滥用戒断的问题。甚至有增加自杀几率的可能[4]。苯巴比妥在美国的怀孕用药等级是B或D,在澳洲则是等级D,指的是如果在怀孕期间服用可能会造成伤害[4][11]。如果在母乳哺育期间使用,可能导致婴儿意识昏沉[12]。对于肝肾功能不佳的患者与年长患者,建议降低剂量[4]

参考文献

  1. ^ Ilangaratne, NB; Mannakkara, NN; Bell, GS; Sander, JW. Phenobarbital: missing in action.. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. Dec 1, 2012, 90 (12): 871–871A. PMID 23284189. doi:10.2471/BLT.12.113183. 
  2. ^ Brodie, MJ; Kwan, P. Current position of phenobarbital in epilepsy and its future.. Epilepsia. December 2012,. 53 Suppl 8: 40–6. PMID 23205961. 
  3. ^ The epilepsies: the diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children in primary and secondary care NICE guidelines [CG137]. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. January 2012. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Phenobarbital. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [Aug 14, 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-06). 
  5. ^ Marx, John A. Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice 7. Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier. 2010: 1352 [2016-03-23]. ISBN 9780323054720. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05). 
  6. ^ Stevens, George M. Brenner, Craig W. Pharmacology 4th. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. 2013: 204 [2016-03-23]. ISBN 9781455702787. (原始内容存档于2014-10-23). 
  7. ^ Engel, Jerome. Epilepsy : a comprehensive textbook 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2008: 1431 [2016-03-23]. ISBN 9780781757775. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05). 
  8. ^ WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (PDF). World Health Organization. March 2005 [2006-03-12]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2007-02-12). 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Newton, CR. Epilepsy in poor regions of the world.. Lancet. 29 September 2012, 380 (9848): 1193–201. PMID 23021288. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61381-6. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 药物分析. 北京: 人民卫生出版社. 2007: 119-121. ISBN 978-7-117-08983-8. 
  11. ^ Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database. Australian Government. 3 March 2014 [22 April 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-04-08). 
  12. ^ Phenobarbital use while Breastfeeding. 2013 [14 August 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-08). 

外部连接

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苯巴比妥
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