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安眠药

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唑吡坦片,一种常用的安眠药

安眠药(英语:Hypnotic) (源自希腊语 Hypnos, sleep(睡眠)),是一类精神药物,用来提升睡眠品质,[1]治疗失眠或术前麻醉,服用过量会致死。

种类

巴比妥酸盐类(Barbiturates)

是一类作用于中枢神经系统镇静剂,属于巴比妥酸的衍生物,其应用范围可以从轻度镇静到完全麻醉,还可以用作抗焦虑药、安眠药、抗痉挛药。长期使用则会导致成瘾性。

第一代抗组织胺(Antihistamine)

常见的非处方安眠药,如氯苯那敏(chlorpheniramine)苯海拉明(diphenhydramine)

喹唑啉酮(Quinazolinone)

目前用于镇静(Sedation)的只有Afloqualone与Cloroqualone

苯二氮䓬类(benzodiazepines)

苯二氮卓适合用来短期内治疗失眠。不推荐连续使用苯二氮卓类药物2-4星期,因为这会导致依赖性。最好间隔性地服用苯二氮卓类药物,并且将剂量保持在最低有效剂量。苯二氮卓类药物通过缩短入睡时间、延长睡眠时间和减少醒后的困倦感来治疗因失眠导致的问题。[2][3]

常用的苯二氮卓类药物的代表有阿普唑仑(Alprazolam,佳静安定、赞安诺锭Xanax)、劳拉西泮(Lorazepam)、地西泮(Diazepam)、氯硝西泮(Clonazepam)、氟硝西泮(Flunitrazepam,俗称“FM2”)。

非苯二氮䓬类(non- benzodiazepines)

非苯二氮卓类药物是一类与苯二氮卓类药物非常相似的精神药物。非苯二氮卓类与苯二氮卓类在药效学性质上非常相似,也有着相似的优点、不良反应和风险,然而,两者的化学结构却完全不同,因此在分子水平上,非苯二氮卓类和苯二氮卓类没有任何关系。[4]

常用的非苯二氮卓类药物有:佐匹克隆(Zolpiclone),艾司佐匹克隆(Eszopiclone),扎来普隆英语Zaleplon(Zaleplon),唑吡坦(Zolpidem)。

其他药物

褪黑色素

抗组胺药

抗抑郁药

血清素拮抗剂和再摄取抑制剂

三环类抗抑郁药

四环类抗抑郁药

抗精神病药物

食欲素受体拮抗剂

参考文献

引用
  1. ^ Dorlands Medical Dictionary:hypnotic. Mercksource.com. [2017-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2008-12-11). 
  2. ^ Technology Appraisal Guidance 77. Guidance on the use of zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone for the short-term management of insomnia (PDF). National Institute for Clinical Excellence. April 2004 [2009-07-26]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-12-03). 
  3. ^ Ramakrishnan, K.; Scheid, D. C. Treatment options for insomnia. American Family Physician. August 2007, 76 (4): 517–26 [2015-09-06]. PMID 17853625. (原始内容存档于2020-05-19). 
  4. ^ Siriwardena, A. N.; Qureshi, Z.; Gibson, S.; Collier, S.; Latham, M. GPs' attitudes to benzodiazepine and 'Z-drug' prescribing: a barrier to implementation of evidence and guidance on hypnotics. Br J Gen Pract. December 2006, 56 (533): 964–7. PMC 1934058可免费查阅. PMID 17132386.  开放获取
  5. ^ Haria, M.; Fitton, A.; McTavish, D. Trazodone. A review of its pharmacology, therapeutic use in depression and therapeutic potential in other disorders. Drugs & Aging. 1994-04, 4 (4) [2023-10-18]. ISSN 1170-229X. PMID 8019056. doi:10.2165/00002512-199404040-00006. (原始内容存档于2023-12-02). 
  6. ^ Levate (amitriptyline), dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more. reference.medscape.com. [2023-10-18]. (原始内容存档于2023-12-18). 
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安眠药
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