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氯硝西泮

氯硝西泮
临床资料
商品名英语Drug nomenclatureKlonopin, Rivotril, Clonotril
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682279
核准状况
怀孕分级
  • : C
依赖性Moderate[1]
给药途径口服、肌肉注射静脉注射舌下
ATC码
法律规范状态
法律规范
药物动力学数据
生物利用度90%
血浆蛋白结合率~85%
药物代谢肝脏CYP3A4
药效起始时间英语Onset of action一小时内[2]
生物半衰期18–50 小时
作用时间6–12 小时[2]
排泄途径肾代谢
识别信息
  • 5-(2-Chlorophenyl)-7-nitro-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one
CAS号1622-61-3  checkY
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard英语CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.015.088 编辑维基数据链接
化学信息
化学式C15H10ClN3O3
摩尔质量315.715
3D模型(JSmol英语JSmol
  • [O-] [N+](C1=CC2=C(C=C1)NC(CN=C2C3=CC=CC=C3Cl)=O)=O
  • InChI=1S/C15H10ClN3O3/c16-12-4-2-1-3-10(12)15-11-7-9(19(21)22)5-6-13(11)18-14(20)8-17-15/h1-7H,8H2,(H,18,20) checkY
  • Key:DGBIGWXXNGSACT-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY

氯硝西泮Clonazepam),常见商品名“Klonopin”、“利福全”,为一种苯二氮䓬类镇定剂,常用于治疗及预防癫痫发作恐慌症,以及静坐不能[3]。本品可以口服[3],药物会在服药后1小时内作用,效果可维持6至12小时[2]

常见副作用包含嗜睡、协调不佳,及易怒,另也可能增加自杀的机会。长期使用英语Long-term effects of benzodiazepines可能导致个体对药物产生耐受性依赖性英语benzodiazepine dependence,停药后则可能出现戒断症[3]。三分之一的用药者的依赖性长达四周以上[4]。妊娠期间用药可能会伤害胎儿[3]。本品会作用于于GABAA受体,增加GABA的效果[4]

氯硝西泮于1964年成功申请专利,并于1975年在美国上市[5],本品属于通用名药物[3],在发展中国家每锭的批发价约在 0.01 至 0.07 美金之间[6],在美国则约为0.40美金[3]。本品在许多地区被用做娱乐性药物[7][8]

用量

  • 催眠一般用2至4mg,睡前口服、或晨起口服,服后忌开车船飞机等或操作重机械等设备。
  • 用于镇静和急性焦虑状态时,一般用1至2mg/次肌注。
  • 用于癫痫发作时,可以1至2mg/次静注。

生理依赖

氯硝西泮属于中枢神经抑制剂,长于两周的服用会引发生理性的药物依赖。

戒断时有两种临床认可的方法,常见方法是转为服用地西泮过渡,逐渐递减停止。日服3毫克氯硝西泮的使用者,应分为120星期逐步戒断,每次降低阶度之间应等待3-4个星期。另一种是逐步降低氯硝西泮的服用剂量。

突然停止服用氯硝西泮可以导致苯二氮䓬类药物戒断症候群的症状:

  • 轻度症状:腹痛、肌肉酸痛、怕光、视力模糊、语言困难、感冒症状、失眠、噩梦、情绪不稳、心跳过速、高血压、丧失平衡、虚汗
  • 严重症状:抑郁症、自杀倾向、人格失常、抽搐幻觉、僵硬症(可能致命)、休克

骤停后,较严重的症状可以持续数个月到一年之久,才开始减轻。

注意事项

老年人对药物较敏感,应适当减少用量。副作用有共济失调等。

合成路线

参考文献

  1. ^ Saunders Nursing Drug Handbook 2014
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Cooper, edited by Grant. Therapeutic uses of botulinum toxin. Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press. 2007: 214 [2016-08-13]. ISBN 9781597452472. (原始内容存档于2016-08-19). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Clonazepam. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [Aug 15, 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-05). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Riss, J.; Cloyd, J.; Gates, J.; Collins, S. Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics.. Acta Neurol Scand. Aug 2008, 118 (2): 69–86 [2016-08-13]. PMID 18384456. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01004.x. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2020-04-04). 
  5. ^ Shorter, Edward. B. A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. 2005 [2016-08-13]. ISBN 9780190292010. (原始内容存档于2019-12-09). 
  6. ^ Clonazepam. International Drug Price Indicator Guide. [15 August 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-10-30). 
  7. ^ Martino, edited by Davide; Cavanna, Andrea E. Advances in the neurochemistry and neuropharmacology of Tourette Syndrome. Burlington: Elsevier Science. 2013: 357 [2016-08-13]. ISBN 9780124115613. (原始内容存档于2015-10-02). In several countries, presciption and use is now severely limited due to abusive recreational use of clonazepam. 
  8. ^ Fisher, Gary L. Encyclopedia of substance abuse prevention, treatment, & recovery. Los Angeles: SAGE. 2009: 100 [2016-08-13]. ISBN 9781412950848. (原始内容存档于2016-08-12). frequently abused 

参见

外部链接

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氯硝西泮
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