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超过剩数

超过剩数superabundant number,有时会简称SA)是指一正整数n,对于所有较小的正整数m,下式恒成立:

其中σ为除数函数,是所有正因数(包括本身)的和。

头几个超过剩数为: 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 120, ... (OEIS数列A004394).

超过剩数是莱昂尼达斯·Alaoglu英语Alaoglu保罗·艾狄胥在1944年定义的[1]。不过早在1919年时拉马努金就有30页的论文《Highly Composite Numbers》有关此一主题,但当时没有发表,最后在1997年的拉马努金期刊(Ramanujan Journal) 1中出版(第119至153页),此论文的第59段定义了广义的高合成数,其中也包括了超过剩数。

性质

Alaoglu及保罗·艾狄胥证明若n为超过剩数,则存在ia1, a2, ..., ai使得下式成立[1]

其中pl为第l个质数,而且

换句话说,若n为超过剩数,n的因数分解的幂次会由前往后的递减,因数分解越前面的质因数越小,但其幂次会越大。

事实上,除了n为4或36的特例外,ai(最大质因数的幂次)均为1。

超过剩数和高合成数之间有关,但不是所有的超过剩数都是高合成数。事实上只有 449个整数恰好超过剩数及高合成数。例如7560是高合成数,但不是超过剩数。Alaoglu及保罗·艾狄胥发现所有的超过剩数都是高过剩数,但不是所有的高过剩数都是超过剩数。也不是所有的超过剩数都是哈沙德数(可以被数字和整除的整数),第一个例外是第105个高过剩数149602080797769600,其数字和为81,但这个高过剩数无法被81整除。

超过剩数受人注意的另一原因是和黎曼猜想有关,根据罗宾定理,黎曼猜想等价于以下的式子:

针对所有大于已知最大例外值的正整数n,而已知最大例外值为超过剩数5040,若存在另外一些较大的数使得黎曼猜想不成立,则这些反例的最小值一定是另一个超过剩数[2]

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Alaoglu, Leonidas; Erdős, Paul, On highly composite and similar numbers, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society (American Mathematical Society), 1944, 56 (3): 448–469, JSTOR 1990319, doi:10.2307/1990319 .
  2. ^   Akbary, Amir; Friggstad, Zachary, Superabundant numbers and the Riemann hypothesis, American Mathematical Monthly, 2009, 116 (3): 273–275, doi:10.4169/193009709X470128 

外部链接

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超过剩数
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