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普洛尼克数

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数学中,普洛尼克数(pronic number),也叫矩形数(oblong number),是两个连续非负整数积,即。第n个普洛尼克数都是n的三角形数的两倍。开头的几个普洛尼克数是:

0, 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, 42, 56, 72, 90, 110, 132, 156, 182, 210, 240, 272, 306, 342, 380, 420, 462, 506, 552, 600, 650, 702, 756, 812, 870, 930, 992, 1056, 1122, 1190, 1260, 1332, 1406, 1482, 1560, 1640, 1722, 1806, 1892, 1980, 2070, 2162, 2256, 2352, 2450, 2550, ...(OEIS数列A002378

性质

特殊的普洛尼克数

  • 同时为普洛尼克数及三角形数的数(不定方程):最小的几个为0, 6, 210, 7140, 242556, 8239770,……[3][4],对应的值分别为0, 2, 14, 84, 492, 2870,……(OEIS数列A053141),对应的值分别为0, 3, 20, 119, 696, 4059,……(OEIS数列A001652)。

注释

  1. ^ 若n≡0 (mod 9),则n×(n+1)≡0×1≡9 (mod 9)
    • 若n≡1 (mod 9),则n×(n+1)≡1×2≡2 (mod 9)
    • 若n≡2 (mod 9),则n×(n+1)≡2×3≡6 (mod 9)
    • 若n≡3 (mod 9),则n×(n+1)≡3×4≡12≡3 (mod 9)
    • 若n≡4 (mod 9),则n×(n+1)≡4×5≡20≡2 (mod 9)
    • 若n≡5 (mod 9),则n×(n+1)≡5×6≡30≡3 (mod 9)
    • 若n≡6 (mod 9),则n×(n+1)≡6×7≡42≡6 (mod 9)
    • 若n≡7 (mod 9),则n×(n+1)≡7×8≡56≡2 (mod 9)
    • 若n≡8 (mod 9),则n×(n+1)≡8×9≡72≡9 (mod 9)
    故得证。
  2. ^ 若n≡0 (mod 10),则n×(n+1)≡0×1≡0 (mod 10)
    • 若n≡1 (mod 10),则n×(n+1)≡1×2≡2 (mod 10)
    • 若n≡2 (mod 10),则n×(n+1)≡2×3≡6 (mod 10)
    • 若n≡3 (mod 10),则n×(n+1)≡3×4≡12≡2 (mod 10)
    • 若n≡4 (mod 10),则n×(n+1)≡4×5≡20≡0 (mod 10)
    • 若n≡5 (mod 10),则n×(n+1)≡5×6≡30≡0 (mod 10)
    • 若n≡6 (mod 10),则n×(n+1)≡6×7≡42≡2 (mod 10)
    • 若n≡7 (mod 10),则n×(n+1)≡7×8≡56≡6 (mod 10)
    • 若n≡8 (mod 10),则n×(n+1)≡8×9≡72≡2 (mod 10)
    • 若n≡9 (mod 10),则n×(n+1)≡9×10≡90≡0 (mod 10)
    故得证。
  3. ^ 因为n与(n+1)差1,所以两数互素,故若n×(n+1)为平方数,则n与(n+1)也皆为平方数,2个平方数差1,则必为0与1,因此唯一的普洛尼克数兼平方数为0=0×1。
  4. ^ 普洛尼克数 n(n+1) 的4倍加1是4n2+4n+1 = (2n+1)2
  5. ^ 两个相邻的普洛尼克数 n(n+1) 和 (n+1)(n+2) 的平均是 (2n+2)(n+1)/2 = (n+1)2

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Knorr, Wilbur Richard英语Wilbur Knorr, The evolution of the Euclidean elements, Dordrecht-Boston, Mass.: D. Reidel Publishing Co.: 144–150, 1975 [2021-03-18], ISBN 90-277-0509-7, MR 0472300, (原始内容存档于2016-05-08) .
  2. ^ McDaniel, Wayne L., Pronic Fibonacci numbers (PDF), Fibonacci Quarterly, 1998, 36 (1): 56–59 [2017-05-26], MR 1605341, (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-09-29) 
  3. ^ Sloane, N.J.A. (编). Sequence A029549 (Triangular numbers that are also pronic numbers). The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. 
  4. ^ pronic numbers. NUMBERS APLENTY. [2021-02-05]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-25). 
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普洛尼克数
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