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巨禽龙属

巨禽龙属
化石时期:白垩纪早期,130 Ma
已知部位的化石和身体轮廓重建
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 蜥形纲 Sauropsida
总目: 恐龙总目 Dinosauria
目: 鸟臀目 Ornithischia
亚目: 鸟脚亚目 Ornithopoda
演化支 禽龙类 Iguanodontia
演化支 橡树龙形态类 Dryomorpha
演化支 直拇指龙类 Ankylopollexia
演化支 硬棘龙类 Styracosterna
属: 巨禽龙属 Iguanacolossus
McDonald et al., 2010
模式种
强健巨禽龙
Iguanacolossus fortis

McDonald et al., 2010

巨禽龙属名Iguanacolossus,意为“鬣蜥巨像”)又译鬣蜥巨龙,是一属禽龙类鸟脚亚目恐龙,生存于白垩纪早期的北美洲。对其的了解来自正模标本UMNH VP 20205,是一个大型个体的部分骨骼。[1]

发现及命名

UMNH VP 20205的右鳞状骨

巨禽龙的正模标本UMNH VP 20205于2005年由唐纳·德布留发现,从犹他州雪松山组的黄猫段挖掘出来,年代可追溯至白垩纪早期巴列姆阶。直到2010年,才由安德鲁·麦当纳、詹姆士·柯克兰英语James I. Kirkland、德布留、史考特·麦德森、珍妮佛·卡文、安德鲁·米尔纳和卢卡斯·潘扎林与马龙属于同一论文中正式命名、叙述。UMNH VP 20205标本是个单一个体,包含头骨材料:前齿骨碎片、部分右上颌骨、右鳞状骨、牙齿、左右方骨;身体遗骸:脊椎颈椎胸椎、尾椎)、人字骨肋骨、右肩胛骨、右髂骨、右耻骨、右跖骨和左腓骨。属名Iguanacolossus美洲鬣蜥属Iguana)加上拉丁语的“巨人、巨像”(colossus)组成,象征着禽龙类具识别性类似鬣蜥的牙齿,以及标本显著的巨大体型。种名fortis意为“强大”。因此二名法意为“强大的鬣蜥巨人”。[1]

从杜林的碗化石点找到的额外标本,现正在进行重新检视中。主要由少年体的下颌和肱骨组成,其他遗骸还有一个巨大的股骨和耻骨。[2]

叙述

体型比例图

巨禽龙是种大而健壮的禽龙类,可能身长达9米,或接近禽龙的体型,估计体重介于1至4吨。[3]葛瑞格利·保罗英语Gregory S. Paul估计身长9米及体重5吨。[4][1]根据麦当纳和同事,巨禽龙与其他禽龙类的不同之处在于:后视弯曲的鳞状骨中后突有个和上枕骨的接触面;耻骨头突背缘凹陷但头端扩张幅度小;鳞状骨眶后突内侧压缩并呈叶片状;耻骨收缩至钝点,头端的髂骨髋臼前突变成水平向靴状;中轴骨神经棘轮廓呈刀片状及半圆形;髂骨背缘笔直。[1]

复原图

牠具有坚实的跖骨、突出的腓骨长约63公分。上颌骨保存了14个齿槽英语alveoli,存在两个凹面暗示著椭圆形、细长的眶骨窝。根据与弯龙达科塔齿龙的比较,两颗单独的牙齿被归至齿骨及上颌骨,分别有盾形及菱形的齿冠。肩胛骨几乎完整。前齿骨保存了一个小齿英语Denticle (tooth feature)。许多脊椎(尤其是胸椎)显示身躯轮廓非常类似禽龙。两个跖骨被鉴定为第三和第四跖骨,根据与弯龙、禽龙的比较。右耻骨同时显示进阶特征及祖征英语plesiomorphic,也可在其他有关的禽龙类观察到。[1]

分类

头骨重建

巨禽龙被分类为禽龙类硬棘龙类,这是一个包含鸭嘴龙科、以及所有与鸭嘴龙科接近、而与弯龙科较远的所有恐龙的次演化支。以下系统发生学演化树取自2010年的叙述论文:[1]

直拇指龙类 Ankylopollexia

全异弯龙 Camptosaurus dispar

硬棘龙类 Styracosterna

库姆纳龙 Cumnoria

犹他齿龙 Uteodon

马龙 Hippodraco

众神花园龙 Theiophytalia

雪松山龙 Cedrorestes

达科塔齿龙 Dakotadon

巨禽龙 Iguanacolossus

兰州龙 Lanzhousaurus

鸭嘴龙形类 Hadrosauriformes

古生态学

巨禽龙是从雪松山组的黄猫段采集的,但这段又可分为上下两地层,而巨禽龙出土于下层。在这里牠与兽脚类铸镰龙双子盗龙郊狼龙蜥脚类米耶拉龙以及乌龟内奥米龟英语Naomichelys、未定的棱角鳞鳄科共享栖地。[5][6]

上黄猫段的动物群则有:水鸟足迹;蜥脚类的雪松龙莫阿布龙;禽龙类的雪松山龙和马龙;兽脚类的玛莎盗龙和犹他盗龙;节节龙科的加斯顿龙;乌龟雕面龟英语Glyptops和三叉龟;鱼类角齿鱼英语Ceratodus旗背鱼英语Semionotus;未定的鲨鱼弓鲛科和多盖齿鲛科;[5]哺乳类西费利齿兽英语Cifelliodon[7]来自同岩层的其他未命名物种还有:具背帆的禽龙类、[8]真驰龙类伶盗龙亚科[9]棱角鳞鳄科、中真鳄类[5]新离龙亚目[10]

鬣蜥巨龙(绿)与其他雪松山组黄猫段的恐龙物种比较

参见

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 McDonald, A. T.; Kirkland, J. I.; DeBlieux, D. D.; Madsen, S. K.; Cavin, J.; Milner, A. R. C.; Panzarin, L. New Basal Iguanodonts from the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah and the Evolution of Thumb-Spiked Dinosaurs. PLOS ONE. 2010, 5 (11): e14075 [2020-12-31]. PMC 2989904可免费查阅. PMID 21124919. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014075. (原始内容存档于2021-03-17). 
  2. ^ Kirkland, J. I. Doelling's Bowl's Iguanocolossus. Twitter. November 22, 2019. 
  3. ^ Holtz, T. R.; Rey, L. V. Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages. Random House. 2007.  Supplementary Information 2012页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆Weight Information页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  4. ^ Paul, Gregory S. The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 2nd edition. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 2016: 319. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Kirkland, J.I. The Lower Cretaceous in East-Central Utah—The Cedar Mountain Formation and its Bounding Strata. Geology of the Intermoutain West. December 1, 2016, 3: 1–130 [2020-12-31]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-10). 
  6. ^ Paul, Gregory S. The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs (2nd Edition). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 2016: 151, 163, 229, 252, 314, 319, 326, 327. ISBN 9780691167664. 
  7. ^ Huttenlocker, A.; Grossnickle, D. M.; Kirkland, J. I.; Schultz, J. A.; Luo, Z. X. Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana. Nature. 2018, 558 (7708): 108–112. Bibcode:2018Natur.558..108H. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 29795343. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0126-y. 
  8. ^ Scheetz, R. A.; Britt, B. B.; Higgerson, J. A large, tall-spined iguanodontid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous (Early Albian) basal Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2010, 30: 158A. 
  9. ^ Senter, P.; Kirkland, J. I.; Deblieux, D. D.; Madsen, S.; Toth, N. Dodson, Peter , 编. New Dromaeosaurids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Utah, and the Evolution of the Dromaeosaurid Tail. PLoS ONE. 2012, 7 (5): e36790. PMC 3352940可免费查阅. PMID 22615813. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036790. 
  10. ^ Britt, B. B.; Scheetz, R. D.; Brinkman, D. B.; Eberth, D. A. A Barremian neochoristodere from the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, U.S.A. (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2006, 26 (4): 1005–1008 [2021-04-24]. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[1005:ABNFTC]2.0.CO;2. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-12-12). 
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巨禽龙属
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