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难捕龙属

难捕龙属
化石时期:侏罗纪晚期
152–151 Ma
柏林展示的骨架模型
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 蜥形纲 Sauropsida
总目: 恐龙总目 Dinosauria
目: 鸟臀目 Ornithischia
亚目: 鸟脚亚目 Ornithopoda
科: 橡树龙科 Dryosauridae
属: 难捕龙属 Dysalotosaurus
Pompeckj, 1920
模式种
莱氏难捕龙
Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki

Pompeckj, 1920

难捕龙属名Dysalotosaurus,意为“难以抓到的蜥蜴”)是一小型、二足、植食性橡树龙科鸟脚类恐龙,化石发现于非洲坦桑尼亚侏罗纪晚期启莫里阶(约1亿5000万年前)的敦达古鲁组英语Tendaguru Formation地层,在那里挖掘出数千块难捕龙的骨骼与碎片,这些标本被认为是一群死于大型灾难事件的族群。[1]模式种兼唯一种莱氏难捕龙Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki)由乔瑟夫·庞佩克(Josef Felix Pompeckj)于1920年命名,种名纪念德意志帝国的将领保罗·冯·莱托-福尔贝克。在整个二十世纪以来,其标本长期被归入近缘且年代相近的橡树龙,并认为是异名,直到近年的研究才推翻了此观点。[2][3]

外型特征

骨架模型

难捕龙是种小型、相对基础的禽龙类。缺乏后期物种拥有的大型拇指爪刺,且前肢短、长尾巴用来保持平衡,相较于那些大型亲戚牠更适应二足步态。难捕龙有着强健的长腿,代表牠比其他禽龙类更擅于奔跑。

2016年葛瑞格利·保罗英语Gregory S. Paul估计难捕龙身长2.5米及体重80公斤。[4]

古生物学

感官

根据CT扫描的研究结果,难捕龙在非进食时会将头部朝向正前方。同一研究还显示依照其内耳形态,难捕龙无法区别高频和低频声音,如同大多数植食性恐龙。然而牠也有一些和先进听觉有关的适应特征,使得难以了解其真实的感官能力。[5]

个体发育

已知的数个难捕龙个体在死亡时都尚未达到性成熟。[6]个体发生学研究发现了典型的衰老趋势,如吻部变长、眼眶比例变小。随着动物年纪增长,齿列的变化也显示从幼年期的杂食性变成成年后完全植食性的饮食习性。[2]这种转变反映出禽龙类与其他鸟脚类植食性专化的整体演化趋势。

难捕龙是种性早熟的恐龙,约于10岁达到性成熟,其生长模式尚未确定,而最快生长速度可比拟现生大型袋鼠[1]

埋藏学

2011年柏林自然博物馆的古生物学家魏兹曼(Florian Witzmann)和韩佩(Oliver Hampe)与同事们的研究发现,某些难捕龙骨骼的变形情况可能是由类似培吉特骨病英语Paget's disease of bone的病毒感染所引起。成为科学界已知最古老的病毒感染证据。[7]

另一具标本上发现的半椎体英语Hemivertebrae显示,该动物生前可能受到脊椎侧弯或其他疾病所影响。这样的畸形情况几乎在所有脊椎动物支系都会发生,但这成为恐龙也有此情况的第一个具体证据。[8]

古生态学

在侏罗纪时期,敦达古鲁组是冈瓦纳大陆半干旱气候海岸的一部分。难捕龙的化石是在有泥滩潟湖岩相特征的地层中发现的。[9]

在敦达古鲁组与难捕龙共栖的恐龙有剑龙类钉状龙、数种蜥脚类南方梁龙叉龙长颈巨龙詹尼斯龙敦达古鲁龙拖尼龙旺韦拉尾龙兽脚类轻巧龙东非龙旧鲨齿龙、可能还有异特龙角鼻龙蛮龙翼龙类和原始哺乳类也很常见。

参考来源

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Hübner, T.R. Laudet, V. , 编. Bone histology in Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki (Ornithischia: Iguanodontia)--variation, growth, and implications. PLOS ONE. 2012, 7 (1): e29958. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...729958H. PMC 3253128可免费查阅. PMID 22238683. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029958. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Hübner, T.R.; Rauhut, O.W.M. A juvenile skull of Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki (Ornithischia: Iguanodontia), and implications for cranial ontogeny, phylogeny, and taxonomy in ornithopod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2010, 160 (2): 366–396 [2021-07-21]. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00620.x可免费查阅. (原始内容存档于2021-07-21). 
  3. ^ McDonald, A.T.; Kirkland, J.I.; DeBlieux, D.D.; Madsen, S.K.; Cavin, J.; Milner, A.R.; Panzarin, L. New basal iguanodonts from the Cedar Mountain formation of Utah and the evolution of thumb-spiked dinosaurs. PLOS ONE. 2010, 5 (11): e14075. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...514075M. PMC 2989904可免费查阅. PMID 21124919. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014075. 
  4. ^ Paul, G.S. The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs: Second Edition. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 2016: 313. ISBN 978-0-691-16766-4. 
  5. ^ Sobral, G.; Hipsley, C.A.; Müller, J. Braincase redescription of Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda) based on computed tomography. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2012, 32 (5): 1090–1102. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.693554. 
  6. ^ Hübner, T. The postcranial ontogeny of Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki (Ornithischia: Iguanodontia) and implications for the evolution of ornithopod dinosaurs. Palaeontographica Abteilung A. 2018, 310 (3–6): 43–120 [2021-07-21]. ISSN 0375-0442. doi:10.1127/pala/2018/0072. (原始内容存档于2022-01-10). 
  7. ^ Witzmann, F.; Claeson, K.M.; Hampe, O.; Wieder, F.; Hilger, A.; Manke, I.; Niederhagen, M.; Rothschild, B.M.; Asbach, P. Paget disease of bone in a Jurassic dinosaur. Current Biology. 2011, 21 (17): R647–8. PMID 21920291. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.006可免费查阅. 
  8. ^ Witzmann, F.; Asbach, P.; Remes, K.; Hampe, O.; Hilger, A.; Paulke, A. Vertebral Pathology in an Ornithopod Dinosaur: A Hemivertebra in Dysalotosaurus lettowvorbecki from the Jurassic of Tanzania. The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology. 2008, 291 (9): 1149–1155. PMID 18536052. doi:10.1002/ar.20734. 
  9. ^ Bussert, R.; Heinrich, W-D.; Aberhan, M. The Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, southern Tanzania): definition, palaeoenvironments, and sequence stratigraphy (PDF). Fossil Record. 2009, 12 (2): 141–174 [2021-07-21]. doi:10.1002/mmng.200900004可免费查阅. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-12-02). 
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难捕龙属
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