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质数间隙

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质数间隙的频率分布。

质数间隙是指两个相邻质数间的差值。第n个质数间隙,标记为gng(pn),指第n个质数和第n+1个质数间的差值,即

可知,g1 = 1、g2 = g3 = 2,以及g4 = 4。由质数间隙组成的数列(gn) 已被广泛地研究,但仍有许多问题及猜想尚未获得解答。

前30个质数间隙为:

1, 2, 2, 4, 2, 4, 2, 4, 6, 2, 6, 4, 2, 4, 6, 6, 2, 6, 4, 2, 6, 4, 6, 8, 4, 2, 4, 2, 4, 14 A001223.

gn 的定义,可得gn 及第n+1个质数的关系式如下:

.

张益唐在2013年证明说,存在有无限多对质数,其间隙小于七千万,之后于同年十一月,詹姆斯·梅纳德用精进版的GPY筛法将张益唐的七千万改进至600,而由陶哲轩发起的Polymath计划将这数字降到246。[1]

简单观察

第1个、最小,且唯一为奇数的质数间隙为1,是在“唯一一个偶质数2”与“第一个奇质数3”之间的质数间隙。剩下的其他质数间隙均为偶数。在3个相邻的质数间的1对质数间隙均为质数,只有在质数3、5及7之间的g2g3 一种而已。

对任一质数P,可定义一质数乘积P#,为所有小于等于P的质数之乘积。若QP之后的质数,则数列

为由相邻的Q-2个合数组成的数列,亦即存在一个长度至少为Q-1的质数间隙。因此,质数间的间隙可以是任意大的,亦即对任一质数P,总存在一个整数n,使得gnP。(可选定n,使得pn为小于P# + 2 的最大质数)另外,依据《质数定理》,质数的密度会随着数值增大而趋近于0,亦可知存在任意大的质数间隙。实际上,依《质数定理》,P# 的值约略为 exp(P)的大小,且于 exp(P)附近,相邻质数的“平均”间隙为 P

实际上,质数间隙为P 的数可能会远小于P#。例如,由71个相邻合数组成的最小数列介于31398至31468间,但71#有“27个数位”,其完整的十进制表示为 557940830126698960967415390。

孪生质数猜想主张存在无限多个整数n,使得 gn = 2

另见

参考资料

  1. ^ Bounded gaps between primes. Polymath. [2013-07-21]. (原始内容存档于February 28, 2020). 

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质数间隙
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