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循环单位

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趣味数学中,循环单位是由1组成的数如1, 11, 111, 1111等。

1966年,A.H. Beiler称这类数为repunit,表示repeated unit

对于n≥1,循环单位可以这样定义:

亦可以用递归的方法:

其中进位制的底。在这篇文章,循环单位都是指十进制中的。

循环单位的平方

的循环单位,平方有一个很有趣的性质,它们都会得出由1到的数字顺序组成的回文数。例如十进制中的:

        1×1        =        1
       11×11       =       121
      111×111      =      12321
     1111×1111     =     1234321
    11111×11111    =    123454321
   111111×111111   =   12345654321
  1111111×1111111  =  1234567654321
 11111111×11111111 = 123456787654321
111111111×111111111=12345678987654321

而上述原则于十进制,只在的情况下才能生效,因为在的情况下,的平方已经不能组成回文数。例如:

      11111111111×1111111111      =      1234567900987654321
     111111111111×11111111111     =     123456790120987654321
    1111111111111×111111111111    =    12345679012320987654321
   11111111111111×1111111111111   =   1234567901234320987654321
  111111111111111×11111111111111  =  123456790123454320987654321
 1111111111111111×111111111111111 = 12345679012345654320987654321
11111111111111111×1111111111111111=1234567901234567654320987654321
...

虽然在的情况下,的平方不能组成回文数,却有着固定的结构:

  1. 如果,前缀:123456790,后缀:0987654321
  2. 如果,前缀:123456790,中段:从1开始顺序数数,直至得出与9的差,再倒数至2,后缀:0987654321

循环单位素数

能被大于1的整除时,(例如),因此若是素数,必须是素数。

现在已知时,是素数,而则可能是伪素数是目前已知最大的可能素数英语probable prime

号码 n 年份 发现者
1 2
2 19
3 23
4 317 1978年 Williams, Dubner
5 1031 1986年 Dubner
6 49081 1999年 Dubner
7 86453 2000年 Baxter
8 109297 2007年 Bourdelais, Dubner
9 270343 2007年 Voznyy, Budnyy
10 5794777 2021年 Batalov, Propper
11 8177207 2021年 Batalov, Propper

参见

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循环单位
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