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三家分晋

三家分晋是指东周时代,晋国为首的晋大夫势力所瓜分的事件。因此韩、赵、魏三国又被合称为“三晋”,周威烈王二十三年(前403年)周天子始封三家为诸侯国司马光编年体史书资治通鉴》的记载就从这一事件开始:“周威烈王二十三年,初命晋大夫魏斯赵籍韩虔诸侯……”,作为春秋与战国的分界。一般情况以本年作为战国元年。

晋无公族

周代各诸侯国通常都将公室子孙分封为大夫,各家大夫都有封地,以血缘关系作为公室的屏卫。而晋国骊姬之乱时,晋献公却逐杀诸公子,从此晋国不再分封公子、公孙为大夫,史称“晋无公族”。到晋成公时以“宦卿之适子而为之田,以为公族”,赵盾又将各家异姓大夫代为公族,晋公室的力量由此衰微,独立意识渐强的异姓卿大夫力量兴起。

六卿

晋文公晋襄公时,狐氏赵氏先氏郤氏胥氏氏族颇有权势,以后又有韩氏魏氏栾氏范氏荀氏等强大世族。春秋中期以后,十余家大夫控制晋国政局。经过激烈兼并,到春秋晚期只剩下赵、魏、韩、范、智、中行氏六家,称为“晋国六卿”。

三家灭智

春秋末期,范氏中行氏大夫被灭,晋国只剩下智、赵、韩、魏四家,其中以智氏最强。担任正卿智伯荀瑶恃强向韩康子魏桓子索得土地,在向赵襄子索地遭拒后,于周贞定王十四年(前455年)攻打赵氏,并胁迫韩、魏两家出兵合围。赵襄子退居晋阳固守。智伯围困晋阳两年,而不能下,引晋水淹灌晋阳城。危急中,赵襄子派张孟谈说服韩、魏两家倒戈,放水倒灌智伯军营,大破智伯军,擒杀智伯。十六年(前453年),三家尽灭智氏宗族,瓜分其地,是为晋阳之战。此战为日后“三家分晋”奠定了基础。

三家分晋

周考王七年(前434年),晋哀公死,晋幽公即位。韩、赵、魏瓜分晋国剩余土地,只有曲沃两地留给晋幽公。从此韩、赵、魏称为三晋

周威烈王二十三年(前403年),由周天子魏斯赵籍韩虔为诸侯(即魏文侯、赵烈侯和韩景侯),是为三家分晋,与晋侯并列。此即《资治通鉴》中春秋时代战国时代的分界点。

周显王二十年(前349年),三晋瓜分晋后悼公残余的食邑,晋国彻底灭亡。

参见

参考文献

  • 《史记·卷四十四·魏世家第十四》:(魏文侯)二十二年,魏、赵、韩列为诸侯。
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三家分晋
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