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特米亚尔语

特米亚尔语
母语国家和地区马来半岛
族群2.49万(2008)[1]
母语使用人数
28,000 (2016)[2][1]
语系
文字拉丁字母
语言代码
ISO 639-3tea
Glottologtemi1246[3]
ELPTemiar

特米亚尔语是一种南亚语系亚斯里语支的语言,由马来西亚西部特米亚尔族使用。特米亚尔族是人数最多的亚斯里语人群之一,2017年有近3万人口。[4]

名称

“特米亚尔”(Temiar)一词本义为“边缘”,反映特米亚尔人自称“边缘人(居住在丛林中)”。[5]

音系

元音

元音
前元音 央元音 后元音
闭元音 i ʉ ʉː u
半闭元音 e o
半开元音 ɛ ɛː ə əː ɔ ɔː
开元音 a
鼻化元音
前元音 央元音 后元音
闭元音 ĩ ĩː ʉ̃ ʉ̃ː ũ ũː
中元音 ɛ̃ ɛ̃ː ɔ̃ ɔ̃ː
开元音 ã ãː

辅音

唇音 齿音 硬颚音 软腭音 声门音
塞音 p t c k ʔ
b d ɟ ɡ
鼻音 m n ɲ ŋ
R音 ɾ
边音 l
擦音 ɕ h
近音 w j

形态句法

名词短语

名词短语是代词/名词后接修饰语和指示词或领属代词的短语。代词不能被另一个代词修饰。[6]代词词素有三类词素变体,重音型、非重音型、黏着型。在代词之中,第三人称代词没有重音型,/na-/、/wɛ-/、/ʔun-/必须与指示词一同出现,因此第三人称代词只有非重音型或黏着型,如na-doh“他-这里”或ʔun-tu:y“他们-别处”。[6]

重音型代词
人称
包含式 排除式 包含式 排除式
1 ye:ʔ ʔa:r ya:r ʔɛ:ʔ kanɛ:ʔ
2 ha:ʔ kəʔan ɲɔb
非重音型代词
人称
包含式 排除式 包含式 排除式
1 yeh ʔah yah ʔɛh kanɛh
2 hah kəʔan ɲɔb
3 ʔəh weh wɛh ʔun ʔən
黏着型
人称
包含式 排除式 包含式 排除式
1 ʔi- ʔa- ya- ʔɛ- kanɛ-

ki- kɛ-

2 ha- kəʔa- ɲɔ(b)-
3 na- ʔə- we- wɛ- ʔun-

名词的前方还可以加上以前附语素(proclitic)型态出现的前置词。[6]一些前置词具有句法上而不是语意上的功能,例如起到表达名词短语的格的功能。此外,一些前置词也与指称有关系。[6]一些表示方位或数量的名词有黏着的词素变体,可置于名词前,在句法上起到类似前置词的作用,这些置于名词之前的词素变体前面还可以再接真正的前置词,例如"kəlōj"(“内部”)有一个黏着的词素变体"kəlɔj-"(“在...里面”),前面还可再接真正的前置词"num-"(“从...”):

kəlɔj-ʔɔ̄k 在水里
num-kəlɔj-ʔɔ̄k 从水里(出来)

这些堆叠前置于名词前的语素,如前例的"num-kəlɔj-",表现得像是合成前置词短语而非名词短语。[6]

动词短语

动词短语顺序为命题否定、助动词和主动词。动词短语在主语之前。[6]

阅读更多

  • Benjamin, Geoffrey. 1999. "Temiar kinship terminology: a linguistic and formal analysis." Occasional Paper no. 1, Malaysian Academy of Social Sciences (AKASS), Penang: AKASS Heritage Paper Series.
  • Benjamin, Geoffrey. 2011. "Deponent verbs and middle-voice nouns in Temiar." In: Sophana Srichampa & Paul Sidwell (eds), Austroasiatic Studies: Papers from ICAAL4 (=Mon-Khmer Studies, Special Issue no. 2), Canberra: Pacific Linguistics E-8, pp. 11–37. ISBN 9780858836419 (electronic document)
  • Benjamin, Geoffrey. 2012. "The peculiar history of the ethnonym 'Temiar'." Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 27(2): 205–233. ISSN 0217-9520 (print), ISSN 1793-2858 (online) doi:10.1355/sj27-2a. .
  • Benjamin, Geoffrey. 2012. "The Temiar causative (and related features)页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)." Mon-Khmer Studies 41: 32–45. ISSN 0147-5207 (online).
  • Benjamin, Geoffrey. 2014. "Aesthetic elements in Temiar grammar." In: Jeffrey Williams (ed.), The Aesthetics of Grammar: Sound and Meaning in the Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 36–60. ISBN 9781107007123 (print, hard cover), ISBN 9781107496309 (eBook, 2013). doi:10.1017/CBO9781139030489.004
  • Benjamin, Geoffrey. 2016. "A new outline of Temiar grammar, Part 1". dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3944.0403.

参考

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 特米亚尔语于《民族语》的链接(第18版,2015年)
  2. ^ Geoffery Benjamin, A new outline of Temiar grammar, Part 1页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  3. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Temiar. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  4. ^ Benjamin, Geoffrey. Aesthetic elements in Temiar grammar. Williams, Jeffrey P (编). The Aesthetics of Grammar. The Aesthetics of Grammar: Sound and Meaning in the Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia. 2013-11: 36–60 [2019-10-14]. ISBN 9781139030489. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139030489.004. (原始内容存档于2021-09-28). 
  5. ^ Benjamin, Geoffrey. The Peculiar History of the Ethnonym "Temiar". Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia. 2012, 27 (2): 205–233. doi:10.1355/sj27-2a. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Benjamin, Geoffrey. An Outline of Temiar Grammar. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications. 1976, (13): 129–187. ISSN 0078-3188. JSTOR 20019155. 

外部链接

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特米亚尔语
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