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格塔语

格塔语
Didayi
ଡିଡାୟୀ
区域印度
族群7370(2001年普查)[1]
母语使用人数
3055(1991年普查)[1]
语系
南亚语系
文字奥里亚文
语言代码
ISO 639-3gaq
Glottologgata1239[2]
ELPGta'

格塔语是一种印度蒂达依族使用的南亚语系语言。这种语言有倍半音节[3]二十进制数词系统。

分布

格塔语由主要分布在奥里萨邦马尔坎基里县、相邻的科拉普特县的3千人使用,[3]据Anderson (2008),使用者人数少于4500人。

民族语》报告了下列地点。

系属分类与方言

格塔语属于南亚语系蒙达语族南蒙达语支。[1]南孟达语支内格塔语与雷莫语古托布语构成一个分支,其中格塔语是最异质的。[4]

格塔语由平原方言和山地方言两种方言。

音系

格塔语有5个标准元音/a, e, i, o, u/,有时有第六个/æ/,此外有4个鼻化元音/ã, õ, ũ, ĩ/。[3]

唇音 齿龈音 卷舌音 硬颚音 软腭音 声门音
塞音 p t ʈ c k ʔ
b [d] ɖ ɟ g
擦音 s h
鼻音 m n ŋ
近音 l
闪音 ɾ ɽ

语法

名词

格塔语名词一般有两种形式,一种是自由词时的形式,一种是组合词时的形式,此处挪用日语术语将它们分别称为露出形被覆形。被覆形与动词词根共现时,可以独立于动词词根重复;与名词词根共现时,则要么保持原样,要么和主词干一起变化。
例子
1型:sur-cu 油炸 > sur-ca, sur-ci, sar-ca, s?r-cf, sar-cu.
gag-bo? 绑在头上
gag-ba?, gig-bT?, gag-bT?, gTg-ba?, gig-bo?.
"tur-t?a 放牛>
tar-ti, t?r-ti, tar-t?a, t?r-t?a.

2型:kula-re 亲属>
ka I a-re, k?I i-re.
sari-ja 稻花 >
sara-ja, s?ri-j?, si ri-ja.
ra-ko 孔雀羽毛 >
bara-ka, bir?-k?, bir?-ko.
ult-so 芒果木 >
ala-sa, ?l?-sf, ala-so, Mi-so.
huQ-be 小熊>
har?-ba, h?tj-b?, harj-be, h?n-be.[5]

重叠构词

成词规则
规则# 1. 重叠词的形成只需改变基式元音。

规则# 2. 重叠式必须与基式不同。单元音基式的重叠式元音为/a/或/}/;基式元音为/u, e, o/的则倾向于出现/a/,基式元音为/e/的倾向于出现/I/。

规则# 3. 双音节基式的元音有如下规则:

  • a. 两个元音都是/a/或/?/;
  • b. 只有一个基式元音反映为/a/或/]/,另一个不变;
  • c. 第一个原因(Vl)变为/u/,第二个元音(V^)变为/a/。

规则# 4. 三音节基式,相邻音节的一个、两个或三个元音都变为/a/或/}/。

规则# 5. 重叠式无论元音结构如何,都是以如下方式推到出来的:

  • a. 若是由两个词干构成的复合动词,那么根据它们间的关系,一个或两个词干都会发生变化;
  • b. 与动词主干一起出现的名词重叠式独立变化,与名词主干相连的重叠式只与主干一起变化;
  • c. 包含前缀的动词结构中,将前缀与动词视作一个整体。[5]

重叠式类别

  1. A-类表示词义的变化:
  2. I-类表示极小的变化;
  3. U/a-类表示与相关类不同的变化;
  4. 部分变化的形式,表示次级变化:a-类表示粗大,?-类表示柔软。[5]

数词系统

格塔语数词为二十进制[6]

格塔语数词系统
1. muiŋ 21. mũikuɽi muiŋ /ekustɔra
2. mbar 22. mũikuɽi mbar
3. ɲji 23. mũikuɽi ɲji
4. õ 24. mũikuɽi hõ
5. malʷe 25. mũikuɽi malikliɡˀ
6. tur 26. mũikuɽi turukliɡˀ
7. ɡul 27. mũikuɽi gukliɡˀ
8. tma /aʈʈa 28. mũikuɽi tomakliɡˀ / mũikuɽi tma
9. sontiŋ /nɔʈa 29. mũikuɽi sontiŋkliɡˀ
10. ɡʷa / dɔsʈa 30. mũikuɽi ɡʷa ( 20 + 10) / tirisʈa
11. ɡʷamiŋ / eɡaʈa 40. mbarkuɽi ( 2 x 20)/ calistɔra
12. ɡombar /baroʈa 50. mbarkuɽi ɡʷa ( 20 + 10) /pɔcas
13. ɡoɲji /teroʈa 60. ɲjikuɽi ( 3 x 20) / saʈe
14. ɡohõ /coudoʈa 70. ɲjikuɽi ɡʷa / suturi
15. ɡomal / pɔndrɔʈa 80. ōkuɽi ( 4 x 20)
16. ɡotur / soloːʈa 90. ōkuɽi ɡʷa
17. ɡogu / sɔtroʈa 100. malkuɽi ( 5 x 20) /soetɔra
18. ɡotma / aʈɾa
19. ɡososiŋ / unisʈa
20. ɡosolɡa /kuɽitɔra /kuɽeta

相邻的语言

格塔语的重叠构词与临近的蒙达语,如雷莫语、古托布语、科拉普特奥里亚语Desia方言的重叠构词惊人地相似,这三种语言的重叠词也都是基础词衍生出来的,且只需要改变元音。[5]

参考

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 格塔语于《民族语》的链接(第18版,2015年)
  2. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Gata'. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 The Munda languages. Anderson, Gregory D. S. London: Routledge. 2008: 682. ISBN 9780415328906. OCLC 225385744. 
  4. ^ Zide, Norman H. A Note on Gta? Echo Forms. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications. 1976, (13): 1335–1343. ISSN 0078-3188. JSTOR 20019204. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Mahapatra, K. Echo Formation in Gta? (PDF). [2022-02-17]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-02-18). 
  6. ^ Ghosh, Arun. (n.d.). Numeral Systems of the World's Languages. 互联网档案馆存档,存档日期2014-04-21.


阅读更多

  • Anderson, Gregory D.S. (n.d.). Gtaʔ (Didey) Language – Munda Languages Project – Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  • Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2001. "A new classification of South Munda: Evidence from comparative verb morphology". Indian Linguistics 62.1: 21–36.
  • Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2008. "Gtaʔ." In: Gregory D.S. Anderson (ed.), The Munda Languages. London / New York. [Routledge Language Family Series]. 682–763.
  • Bauer, Christian. 1993. Review of: Robert Parkin: A guide to Austroasiatic speakers and their languages. (Oceanic Linguistics, Special Publication, no. 23.) ix, 198, [xv] pp. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991. In: Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol. 56, issue 1 (February 1993), pp. 193–194.
  • DeArmond, R. (1976). Proto-Gutob-Remo-Gtaq Stressed Monosyllabic Vowels and Initial Consonants页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Austroasiatic Studies Part I, 13, 213–227. Munda. (n.d.). Retrieved February 15, 2015
  • Odden, D. (1987). "Arguments against the Vowel Plane" in Gtaʔ Linguistic Inquiry, 18(3), 523–529.
  • Parkin, R. (1988). "Marriage, Behaviour and Generation among the Munda of Eastern India". Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 113(1), 69–80.
  • Sidwell, P., & Jenny, M. (2014). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages (2 vols). Leiden: Brill.
  • Stampe, D. (1965). "Recent Work in Munda Linguistics I". International Journal of American Linguistics, 31(4), 332–341.
  • Zide, N. (1976). "A Note on Gtaʔ Echo Forms", in P. Jenner, L. Thompson, and S. Starosta, eds., Austroasiatic Studies, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.

外部链接

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格塔语
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