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中华虎头蟹

中华虎头蟹
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 节肢动物门 Arthropoda
亚门: 甲壳亚门 Crustacea
纲: 软甲纲 Malacostraca
目: 十足目 Decapoda
亚目: 腹胚亚目 Pleocyemata
下目: 短尾下目 Brachyura
科: 虎头蟹科 Orithyiidae
属: 虎头蟹属 Orithyia
种:
中华虎头蟹 O. sinica
二名法
Orithyia sinica
(Linnaeus, 1771)[1]
异名
  • Cancer sinicus Linnaeus,1771:541.
  • Cancer bimaculatus Herbst,1790:248,pl.18,fig.101.
  • Orithyia mammillaris Fabricius,1798:363.

中华虎头蟹学名Orithyia sinica)为虎头蟹总科(Orithyioidea)下虎头蟹科(Orithyiidae)虎头蟹属(Orithyia)的螃蟹。这种蟹的不寻常之处在于其处于唯一的总科下。[2]其原分类为关公蟹总科玉蟹总科[2]其幼体不同于其他任何的[3]

种加词sinica,意为“中华的”。

描述

中华虎头蟹的腿部有条纹,在背壳上有眼状斑点,成年雌性个体腹腔十分狭窄,生殖器外露。[2] 其腿部末端扁平,更适宜于掘土而不是游泳。[2]

栖息

中华虎头蟹活动有规律性,通常在晚上出现,多在夜间猎食也有明显的趋光性。游泳全凭游泳足,运动时用它的前3对步足之爪左右爬行,但偶尔也会前后爬行,休息时用末对步足掘沙,将自己埋伏起来。

中华虎头蟹和其他海洋蟹类一样,性格凶猛,幼蟹有明显残食现象。中华虎头蟹栖息水环境要求水质清洁,对温度、盐度的适应范围较广。在水温9℃~35℃,盐度3‰~40‰的水域内均能生存,生长适宜温度为15℃~30℃,适宜盐度为5‰~30‰;人工育苗的最适温度应在24℃左右,最适盐度应在27‰左右;耐受温度低温为8℃,高温为37℃,耐受盐度低盐为2,高盐为45,在此区间之外的温度和盐度下,其摄食、活动受到影响,直至死亡。其他水质指标,一般溶解氧大于5mL/L,pH值应在7.5~8.6之间,透明度在30cm~40cm之间。

分布与保护

中华虎头蟹分布于朝鲜以及中国大陆广东福建浙江江苏山东半岛渤海湾辽东半岛辽东湾等地,生活环境为海水,常栖息于浅海泥沙底。[1] 虽然其相邻水域极浅且幼体为浮游生物,但是在邻近地区例如日本琉球群岛和台湾岛却全无踪迹。[2] 在其分布范围内,中华虎头蟹被小规模捕捞,且其价格极高。[2]

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 中国科学院动物研究所. 中华虎头蟹. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2014-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-13) (中文(简体)). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Peter K. L. Ng, Danièle Guinot & Peter J. F. Davie. Systema Brachyurorum: Part I. An annotated checklist of extant Brachyuran crabs of the world (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 2008, 17: 1–286 [2013-04-19]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-06-06). 
  3. ^ A. L. Rice. The first zoeal stage of Ebalia nux A. Milne Edwards 1883, with a discussion of the zoeal characters of the Leucosiidae (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura). Journal of Natural History. 1980, 14 (3): 331–337. doi:10.1080/00222938000770281. 
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中华虎头蟹
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