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林放

林放

林放(?—?),字子邱[1]春秋鲁国清河(今属山东)人。[2]孔子七十二弟子之一。[3]

林放是孔子的学生,他曾向孔子请教“礼之本”,也就是礼的根本。孔子说:“这真是个大问题!礼,与其奢华浩大,不如节俭朴素;丧事,与其很盛大完备,不如致祭的人都很哀戚。”[4]曾在齐国任于陵(今属山东省邹平县)大夫。[5]

季氏想要去祭祀泰山神(相当于后代的封禅),孔子认为季氏是僭越,问弟子冉有说:“你不能劝阻季氏么?”冉有当时是季氏的家宰,他直接拒绝孔子:“不能。”孔子闻言,叹曰:“呜呼!难道说泰山之神还不如林放?”意思是连林放都懂得礼法了,难道泰山神会违背礼法,接受季氏的祭拜么[6]?其余事迹不详。

仅知死后有一墓存于山东曲阜,林放墓位于今天的山东省济宁市曲阜市小雪镇林家村,闽南台湾地区则尊之为王爷神,称为敌天大帝。

荣誉

  • 开元二十七年(739年),唐玄宗 赠封 清河伯。
  • 大中祥符二年(1009年),宋真宗 赠封 长山侯。

注释

  1. ^ 《阙里文献考》
  2. ^ 论语•八佾》:“林放问礼之本。”郑玄注:“林放,鲁人。”(《卜天寿抄本残卷《论语》郑注)
  3. ^ 《史记‧仲尼弟子列传》与《孔子家语》皆没记载林放是七十二弟子之一。西汉文翁《礼殿图》将他列入孔子的弟子。
  4. ^ 《论语·八佾第三》“大哉问!礼,与其奢也,甯俭;丧,与其易也,甯戚。”
  5. ^ 嘉庆《长山县志》卷十六载:“林放,鲁人,尝问礼之本于孔子,仕于于陵,唐赠清河伯,宋赠长山侯。盖清河、长山,俱于陵地也。”
  6. ^ 《论语‧八佾第三》:“季氏旅于泰山。子谓冉有曰:女弗能救与。对曰:不能。子曰:呜呼,曾谓泰山不如林放乎。”邢昺《论语注疏》解释说:“夫神不享非礼。林放尚知问礼,况泰山之神,岂反不如林放乎?而季氏欲诬罔而祭之也?言泰山之神必不享季氏之祭。若其享之,则是不如林放也。”
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林放
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