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蟲黴目

虫霉目
蠅蟲黴 Entomophthora muscae
科学分类 编辑
界: 真菌界 Fungi
门: 蟲霉門 Entomophthoromycota
纲: 蟲霉綱 Entomophthoromycetes
目: 虫霉目 Entomophthorales
G. Winter英语Heinrich Georg Winter, 1880
綠色桃蚜被蟲黴目的真菌新蚜蟲癘霉殺死。比例尺:0.3 mm.

蟲黴目學名:Entomophthorales)亦作蟲黴菌目,是真菌界的一個,原本屬於接合菌門,近期分類地位多次改動,許多研究者將其獨立成一個。蟲黴菌目中大部分的種對昆蟲有致病力,其中一些會感染線蟲螨蟲水熊蟲蜘蛛,有些種類(如冠耳黴)則是腐生的。蟲黴菌目的學名Entomophthorales源自於希臘文中的「昆蟲攻擊者」。

重要種類

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生物特徵

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蟲黴菌目之菌絲不發達,皆為雌雄同株英语Homothallism,且大部分種類為絕對寄生,在寄主死後,真菌無法繼續生長並會產生孢子 ,少部分的非絕對寄生菌在其寄主死後會將菌絲延伸出去並持續在環境中生長。大部分蟲黴菌目的屬會產生具主動發射性的無性孢子,當沒有降落於適合的寄主上時,這些孢子會發芽成許多孢子形態中的一種,其中包括較小版本的原生孢子,甚至生成為黏性孢子,此種黏性孢子在細長的分生孢子梗上被稱為分節孢子(capilliconidia)。

分類

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先前被分類於接合菌門接合菌綱中,2007年接合菌門被認為是並系群而拆分成球囊菌門毛霉亞門蟲霉亞門英语entomophthoromycotina梳霉亞門捕蟲霉亞門英语Zoopagomycotina等四個地位未定的亞門[2],蟲黴菌目被提升到亞門的地位。2012年,Humber根據進一步的支序分析確定蟲霉亞門是一個單系群,並將其定位為一個門[3]。2018年Tedersoo等人將真菌分為十八個門,蟲霉門也是其中之一[4]

另一個爭議點蛙糞菌是否屬於蟲黴菌,或應從蟲黴菌中獨立出來。1995年Nagahama等人的研究表明,蛙糞菌科和某些腐生真菌關係較近,也無明確證據支持其屬於蟲黴菌[5][6]。2007年的分類系統將蟲黴菌提升為亞門,蛙糞菌則地位未定,不被歸入任何門或亞門中[2]。2012年Humber將蟲黴菌提升為門後,將蛙糞菌歸為其下的一個綱,成為蛙糞菌綱(Basidiobolomycetes)[3]。2018年Tedrsoo等人維持蟲黴菌目門的地位,但將蛙糞菌從其下分出,成為一個獨立的門蛙糞菌門(Basidiobolomycota)[4]

本目包括以下科:

科的地位未定的属:
  • Zygaenobia Weiser, 1951

參見

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參考文獻

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  1. ^ Dromph, Karsten M; Eilenberg, Jørgen; Esbjerg, Peter. Natural Occurrence of Entomophthoralean Fungi Pathogenic to Collembolans. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 2001-11-01, 78 (4). ISSN 0022-2011. doi:10.1006/jipa.2002.5077 (英语). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Hibbett, David S.; Binder, Manfred; Bischoff, Joseph F.; Blackwell, Meredith; Cannon, Paul F.; Eriksson, Ove E.; Huhndorf, Sabine; James, Timothy; Kirk, Paul M.; Lücking, Robert; Thorsten Lumbsch, H. A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi. Mycological Research. 2007-05-01, 111 (5) [2022-07-28]. ISSN 0953-7562. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004. (原始内容存档于2018-08-21) (英语). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Humber, Richard A. Entomophthoromycota: a new phylum and reclassification for entomophthoroid fungi. Mycotaxon. 2012-09-28, 120 (1). doi:10.5248/120.477. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Tedersoo, Leho; Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago; Kõljalg, Urmas; Bahram, Mohammad; Döring, Markus; Schigel, Dmitry; May, Tom; Ryberg, Martin; Abarenkov, Kessy. High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses. Fungal Diversity. 2018-05, 90 (1). ISSN 1560-2745. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0 (英语). 
  5. ^ Nagahama, T.; Sato, H.; Shimazu, M.; Sugiyama, J. Phylogenetic divergence of the entomophthoralean fungi: Evidence from nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Mycologia. 1995-03, 87 (2). ISSN 0027-5514. doi:10.1080/00275514.1995.12026522 (英语). 
  6. ^ James, Timothy Y.; Kauff, Frank; Schoch, Conrad L.; Matheny, P. Brandon; Hofstetter, Valérie; Cox, Cymon J.; Celio, Gail; Gueidan, Cécile; Fraker, Emily; Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten. Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature. 2006-10, 443 (7113) [2022-07-28]. ISSN 1476-4687. doi:10.1038/nature05110. (原始内容存档于2022-10-18) (英语). 
  7. ^ Barta, M.; Cagáň, L. Aphid-pathogenic Entomophthorales (their taxonomy, biology and ecology). Biologia. 2006, 61: S543–S616. ISSN 0006-3088. doi:10.2478/s11756-007-0100-x. 
  8. ^ Humber, R. A. Entomophthoromycota: A new phylum and reclassification for entomophthoroid fungi. Mycotaxon. 2012, 120: 477–492 [2020-06-05]. ISSN 0093-4666. doi:10.5248/120.477. (原始内容存档于2021-02-08). 
  9. ^ Spatafora, J. W.; Chang, Y.; Benny, G. L.; Lazarus, K.; Smith, M. E.; Berbee, M. L.; Bonito, G.; Corradi, N.; Grigoriev, I.; Gryganskyi, A.; James, T. Y.; O'Donnell, K.; Roberson, R. W.; Taylor, T. N.; Uehling, J.; Vilgalys, R.; White, M. M.; Stajich, J. E. A Phylum-Level Phylogenetic Classification of Zygomycete Fungi Based on Genome-Scale Data. Mycologia. 2016, 108 (5): 1028–1046 [2020-06-05]. ISSN 0027-5514. PMC 6078412可免费查阅. PMID 27738200. doi:10.3852/16-042. (原始内容存档于2021-01-18). 
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蟲黴目
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