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擔孢子

擔孢子在子實體上的位置。

擔孢子(英語:Basidiospore)是擔子菌門(包括傘菌木耳、銹菌、黑粉菌等)的真菌所產生的有性孢子英语Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph。一般來說擔孢子是由特化的結構擔子經由減數分裂產生,具有單套(n)的細胞核。擔子位於擔子菌子實體子實層中(傘菌的子實層位於蕈褶),由一或多個細胞組成,減數分裂進行時,擔子末端會膨大產生四個小梗,減數分裂完成後產生的四個細胞核則會分別移入各個小梗的末端,以生成擔孢子。

型態

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擔孢子與小梗連接處的臍狀構造(hilar appendage英语Hilum (biology)

擔孢子的形狀可能呈球形、橢球形、卵形或圓柱形,表面可能光滑或充滿突起,有些物種擔孢子在與小梗連接處形成臍狀構造(hilar appendage英语Hilum (biology)),有些物種則無。孢子印是判斷菇類孢子顏色的主要方法,其顏色多半是擔孢子的細胞壁造成的,但有極少數特例如Clavaria helicoides孢子印的黃色是其擔孢子細胞質的顏色[1]

擔子減數分裂後雖產生四個細胞核,但其擔孢子的數量可能為1至5(多數為3或4),5個擔孢子的特例中第五個細胞核是減數分裂後,由其中一個細胞核在擔子中再次分裂產生[2]

釋放

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擔孢子的產生位置。1:擔孢子,2:小梗,3:擔子,4:雙核體英语Dikaryon菌絲

一般傘菌目的擔子菌一個子實體的蕈褶可產生上百萬個擔孢子,而某些種類甚至能達到數十億個[3],極端的例子如巨大馬勃英语Calvatia gigantea的一個子實體曾被記錄到釋放多達五兆個擔孢子[4]。擔孢子通常在雨季時釋放,而在一天之中,夜晚、黃昏前空氣中的擔孢子濃度最高[3]

擔子菌的擔孢子大多是主動釋放,因此多屬於彈射孢子英语ballistospores[5]。而擔孢子彈射的機制與表面張力有關,擔孢子形成後,在其與擔子相連的基部小梗附近,因擔子分泌糖類與甘露醇吸引空氣中的水份凝集而形成布勒氏水珠(Buller's drop),同時孢子的近軸面(較靠近小梗的一面)也會產生進軸面水珠(adaxial drop),兩水珠漸膨大後會合而為一,表面張力造成布勒氏水珠往孢子流動的過程帶動孢子從小梗釋出[6][7]

萌發

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當擔孢子掉落到適合的生長環境時,便會萌發形成菌絲,開始有絲分裂以產生新的細胞核,隨後也會有隔板英语septa形成以將菌絲分割為數個細胞,這些菌絲從擔孢子向四周生長成菌絲體。部分異擔子菌亞綱(該分類現在已不使用)物種的擔孢子可以在某些條件下形成次級孢子(secondary spore),即擔孢子不萌發成菌絲體,而是萌發長出一個形似擔子、末端或分支末端長有一個小梗的構造(少數情況可以長出兩個)[8],擔孢子的細胞核與細胞質則移動進入小梗的末端,形成次級孢子,隨後次級孢子與原本的擔孢子小梗間會產生一個隔板將兩者分離,擔孢子殘餘的空殼會被分解掉,而次級孢子進行有絲分裂以形成菌絲與菌絲體[2]。依不同擔子菌產生次級孢子的過程細節差異,有些學者將這些次級孢子稱為微分生孢子彈射孢子英语ballistospore出芽孢子英语blastospore[9]

圖集

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參考文獻

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  1. ^ Donk, M.A. A conspectus of the families of Aphyllophorales. Persoonia. 1963, 3 (3): 226 [2018-07-09]. (原始内容存档于2021-07-06). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Saksena HK. Nuclear Phenomena In The Basidium Of Ceratobasidium Praticolum (Kotila) Olive. Canadian Journal of Botany. 2011, 39 (3): 717–725. doi:10.1139/b61-058. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Halbwachs, Hans; Bässler, Claus. Gone with the wind – a review on basidiospores of lamellate agarics (PDF). Mycosphere. 2015, 6 (1): 78–112 [2018-07-09]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-08-29).  开放获取
  4. ^ Li, De-Wei. Five trillion basidiospores in a fruiting body of Calvatia gigantia (PDF). Mycosphere. 2011, 2 (4): 457–462 [2018-07-09]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-05-14).  开放获取
  5. ^ Watkinson, Sarah C.; Boddy, Lynne; Money, Nicholas. The Fungi. Academic Press. 2015: 86. ISBN 978-0-12-382035-8. 
  6. ^ Pringle A, Patek SN, Fischer M, Stolze J, Money NP. The captured launch of a ballistospore. Mycologia. 2005, 97 (4): 866–71. PMID 16457355. 
  7. ^ Hassett MO, Fischer MW, Money NP. Mushrooms as Rainmakers: How Spores Act as Nuclei for Raindrops. PLoS ONE. 2015, 10 (10): e0140407. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140407. 
  8. ^ Ingold CT. Observations On Spores And Their Germination In Certain Heterobasidiomycetes. Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 1985, 85 (3): 417–423. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(85)80035-8. 
  9. ^ K Wells, RJ Bandoni. David J. McLaughlin, Joseph W. Spatafora , 编. Systematics and Evolution. Springer. 2001: 87. 
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擔孢子
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