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菌蓋皮

有些蕈類(如圖中的黃白紅菇)的菌蓋皮可以從蕈傘上剝落。

菌蓋皮(Pileipellis,其中pilei意指蕈傘,pellis意指表皮[1]),又稱皮壳,是某些蕈類蕈傘上方由菌絲組成的表皮結構。菌蓋皮的形態包括表皮狀、毛狀、上皮狀、擬子實層型、栅栏状與圓孢狀等,是真菌分類的依據之一[2][3][4]

形態

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菌蓋皮位於蕈傘上方表面,將下方的菌髓包覆住,有些菌蓋皮與菌髓有明確界線,有些則無[2]:602-603。有些蕈類的菌蓋皮上方可能還有內菌幕外菌幕英语Universal veil殘留的痕跡,與菌蓋皮是不同的結構。菌蓋皮表面有時會有與表面接近垂直、形狀特殊的囊狀體英语cystidium,稱為盖生囊状体(pileocystidia),為呈棒狀或尖頭狀的細胞[1]

分類

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菌蓋皮可依組成結構分為下列數種類型:

表皮狀

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Mycena bulliformis的菌蓋皮為表皮狀[5]
粘蓋包腳菇英语Volvopluteus gloiocephalus的菌蓋皮為黏表皮狀

表皮狀(cutis)的菌蓋皮中,菌絲的走向大致與蕈傘的表面平行,有些時候菌絲末端會稍突出表面。黏表皮狀(ixocutis)的菌蓋皮與表皮狀者類似,但充滿黏液,在顯微鏡下難以觀察到清楚的菌絲邊界。由於黏液的含量不一,有時難以分辨菌蓋皮為表皮狀或黏表皮狀[4]

毛狀

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毛狀(trichoderm)的菌蓋皮中,菌絲的走向與蕈傘的表面垂直,並如毛髮般突出表面[6]。此類菌蓋皮又可細分為疏鬆型與叢生型兩種,前者由分離的菌絲組成,後者由叢生的菌絲組成。在某些物種中,新長出的擔子果菌蓋皮為疏鬆的毛狀,隨著擔子果的成長,毛狀構造可能消失,而其下層的菌絲漸發育成圓孢狀結構(paraderm),使菌蓋皮轉為圓孢狀,也有的物種形成毛狀構造的菌絲在生長過程中相互交織,而漸形成一殼狀構造[2]:601。黏毛狀(ixotrichoderm)的菌蓋皮與毛狀相似,惟其菌絲充滿黏液,與表皮狀與黏表皮狀相同,毛狀與黏毛狀可能因黏液含量不同而難以明確分辨[4]

上皮狀

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上皮狀(epithelium)的菌蓋皮是由菌絲末端膨大且形成隔膜英语septa後,產生的多層圓形細胞組成[4][7]

拟子实层型

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Pluteus chrysophlebius的菌蓋皮為拟子实层型

拟子实层型(hymeniderm, hymenoderm, hymeniform)的菌蓋皮由不分層的細胞或菌絲末端組成,菌絲的走向與蕈傘表面垂直,基部常有扣子體,顯示其為生殖菌絲組成,末端則膨大,形似未成熟的擔子,使菌蓋皮的顯微結構類似子實層而得名。此類型的菌蓋皮若菌絲的高度相仿則為典型擬子實層型(typical hymeniderm),若菌絲高度不一則為非典型擬子實層型(atypical hymeniderm)[2]:599[3]

柵欄狀

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柵欄狀(palisadoderm)的菌蓋皮由多層細胞或菌絲末端組成,走向與蕈傘表面垂直,可能是許多高度不一的菌絲,亦可能是形成隔膜而發育成假薄壁組織(pseudoparenchyma)的菌絲。此型菌蓋皮也可細分成典型與非典型兩種,典型柵欄狀(typical palisadoderm)菌蓋皮的菌絲大致呈平行排列,非典型柵欄狀(atypical palisadoderm)者的菌絲則相互交織,但大體仍呈柵欄狀。有些物種的柵欄狀菌蓋皮均由生殖菌絲組成,有些物種的則由生殖菌絲與骨架菌絲共同組成[2]:600-601[3]

圓孢狀

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圓孢狀(paraderm)的菌蓋皮是由等徑的細胞組成的假薄壁組織,為一殼狀結構[2]:602[8]

參考資料

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 K. G. Mukerji, C. Manoharachary. Taxonomy and Ecology of Indian Fungi. I. K. International Pvt Ltd. 2010: 191 [2019-03-13]. ISBN 9380026927. (原始内容存档于2019-03-13). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 João S. Furtado. Relation of Microstructures to the Taxonomy of the Ganodermoideae (Polyporaceae) with Special Reference to the Structure of the Cover of the Pilear Surface. Mycologia. 1965, 57 (4): 588-611. doi:10.2307/3756735. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 赵继鼎, 张小青. 中国科学院中国孢子植物志编辑委员会 , 编. 中国真菌志 (PDF) 18. 科學出版社. 2000: 8 [2019-03-13]. ISBN 7-03-008293-1. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-03-13). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Michael Kuo. Mushroom Microscopy. MushroomExpert.com. [2019-03-13]. (原始内容存档于2018-06-27). 
  5. ^ BRIAN A. PERRY, DENNIS E. DESJARDIN. New species of Mycena (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) from California (PDF). Phytotaxa: 33-40. [2019-03-13]. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.269.1.4. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-03-10). 
  6. ^ Régis Courtecuisse. Mushrooms of Britain & Europe". Harper Collins. 1999. ISBN 0-00-220012-0. 
  7. ^ Meinhard Moser, Geoffrey Kibby. Keys to agarics and boleti : Polyporales, Boletales, Agaricales, Russulales. Roger Phillips. 1983. ISBN 0950848603. 
  8. ^ paraderm. MycoBank. [2019-03-13]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-13). 
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菌蓋皮
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