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硫化汞

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硫化汞[左为黑辰砂;右为辰砂(朱砂)]
IUPAC名
Mercury sulfide, mercuric sulfide, or mercury (II) sulfide
别名 cinnabar, vermillion
识别
CAS号 1344-48-5  checkY
SMILES
 
  • [Hg+2].[S-2]
性质
化学式 HgS
摩尔质量 232.66 g·mol⁻¹
密度 8.10 g cm−3
熔点 583.5°C
沸点 N/A
溶解性(其它溶剂) 不溶
危险性
警示术语 R:R21-R26-R28
相关物质
其他阴离子 硒化汞碲化汞
其他阳离子 硫化镉
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

硫化汞的化合物,化學式為HgS,不溶於水[1],但可溶于王水,反应方程式如下:

HgS是雙象(dimorphic)晶體,如下:

  • 紅色的硃砂(α-HgS),其結構為自然存在的汞最普遍的形態。
  • 黑色的黑辰砂(β-HgS),在自然中不常見且為闪锌矿(立方ZnS)形晶體結構(閃鋅礦晶体结构)。

紅色結晶,α-HgS具旋光性。這是因為Hg-S在結構中是螺旋狀排列。[2]

300°K,能隙2.1eV下,α-HgS為直接半導體。[3]

硫化汞是无机汞化合物中,挥发性最小的。[4]

製備

H2S通入汞(II)鹽溶液中,會產生黑色的β-HgS粉末沉澱。[5]β-HgS是活性低的濃縮酸。[1]硃砂礦石在空氣中加熱並將蒸氣冷凝,可以製備金屬汞。[1]

使用

辰砂矿石,可用作红色颜料

α-HgS在被發現時已被用作朱紅色的顏料。目前已知辰砂變暗紅色是因為從紅色的α-HgS轉變成黑色的β-HgS。Pompeii的紅牆(red walls)在出土時是黑色的,是因為已經形成汞氯化合物(例如氯硫汞礦、甘汞、黃氯汞礦)、硫酸鈣和石膏,而並沒有檢測出β-HgS。[6]

煉金術

煉丹術中,被稱為完美的硫,象徵硫(靈魂)、汞(心靈)與煉金的崇高純潔的目標的緊密結合。

参见

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements 2nd. Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. 1997. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4. 
  2. ^ Glazer, A. M.; Stadnicka K. On the origin of optical activity in crystal structures. J. Appl. Cryst. April 1986, 19: 108 – 122. doi:10.1107/S0021889886089823. 
  3. ^ Lev Isaakovich Berger, Semiconductor Materials(1997)CRC Press ISBN 978-0-8493-8912-2
  4. ^ 《环境化学》. 戴树桂 主编. 高等教育出版社. 第六章 典型污染物在环境各圈层中的转归与效应. P391
  5. ^ Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 6th, New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1999, ISBN 0-471-19957-5 
  6. ^ Cotte, M; Susini J, Metrich N, Moscato A, Gratziu C, Bertagnini A, Pagano M. Blackening of Pompeian Cinnabar Paintings: X-ray Microspectroscopy Analysis. Anal. Chem. 2006, 78 (21): 7484 – 7492. doi:10.1021/ac0612224. 

外部連結

参见

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硫化汞
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