For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for 閃鋅礦.

閃鋅礦

闪锌矿
黑色闪锌矿晶体,含有少量黄铜矿方解石
基本資料
類別硫化物矿物
化学式ZnS
IMA記號Sp[1]
施特龙茨分类2.CB.05a
戴納礦物分類02.08.02.01
晶体分类六面体 (43m)
H-M记号:(4 3m)
晶体空间群F43m (No. 216)
晶胞a = 5.406 Å; Z = 4
性質
顏色浅至深棕色、红棕色、黄色、红色、绿色、浅蓝色、黑色和无色。
晶体惯态自面体晶体——形成良好的晶体,表现出良好的外部形状。粒状——通常在基质中以自面体到半面体晶体的形式出现。
晶系立方
雙晶简单的接触孪晶或复杂的层状形式,双轴[111]
解理[011]完全解理
断口参差状到贝壳状
莫氏硬度3.5–4
光澤金刚光泽,树脂光泽,油脂光泽
條痕棕白色,淡黄色
透明性透明到半透明,富含铁时不透明
比重3.9–4.2
光學性質各向同性
折射率nα = 2.369
其他特徵荧光和摩擦发光
參考文獻[2][3][4]

闪锌矿(英語:Sphalerite)是一种硫化物矿物,化学式为ZnS。[5]它是最重要的锌矿石。闪锌矿存在于多种矿床类型中,但主要存在于沉积喷流型、密西西比河谷型和块状硫化物矿床中。它与方铅矿黄铜矿黄铁矿(和其他硫化物)、方解石白云石石英菱锰矿萤石伴生。[6]

德国地质学家欧内斯特·弗里德里希·格洛克英语Ernst Friedrich Glocker在1847年最早发现了闪锌矿,并根据希腊语sphaleros命名,意思是“欺骗”,因为这种矿物难以识别。[7]

除锌外,闪锌矿是的矿石。铁闪锌矿(英語:Marmatite)是一种不透明的黑色品种,含铁量高。[8]

晶体习性和结构

[编辑]
闪锌矿的晶体结构

闪锌矿以面心立方闪锌矿结构结晶,[9][10]这种结构以此矿物命名。该结构属于六面体晶体种类(空间群F43m)。在结构中,硫和锌(或铁离子)都占据了面心立方晶胞的点,两个晶格相互位移,而硫原子与它们呈四面体配位。反之亦然。[11]与闪锌矿相似的矿物包括闪锌矿族中的矿物,包括闪锌矿、碲汞矿、方硫镉矿、黑辰砂、方硒锌矿和灰硒汞矿。[12]这种结构与金刚石结构密切相关。[9]闪锌矿的六方晶型是纤锌矿[12]纤锌矿是较高温度的多形体,在高于1,020 °C(1,870 °F)的温度下稳定。[13]闪锌矿晶体结构中硫化锌的晶格常数为0.541nm[14]闪锌矿可被发现为假晶型,其晶体结构为方铅矿黝铜矿重晶石方解石[13][15]闪锌矿可以有尖晶石规则孪晶,其中孪晶轴为[111]。[12]

该材料可以被认为是二元端点ZnSFeS之间的三元化合物,其成分为ZnxFe(1-x)S,其中x的范围可以从1(纯ZnS)到0.6。

所有天然闪锌矿都含有一定浓度的各种杂质,一般在晶格中取代锌的阳离子位置;最常见的阳离子杂质是,但也可能以相对较高的浓度存在(数百至数千ppm)。[16][17]镉可以替代高达1%的锌,而锰通常存在于具有铁丰度高的闪锌矿中。[12]阴离子位置的硫可以被取代。[12]这些杂质的丰度受闪锌矿形成的条件控制;地层温度、压力、元素可用性和流体成分是重要的控制因素。[17]

特性

[编辑]

物理性质

[编辑]

闪锌矿具有完美的十二面体解理,有六个解理面。[9][18]在纯粹的形式中,它是一种半导体,但随着铁含量的增加而转变为导体。[19] 在矿物硬度的莫氏硬度范围内,它的硬度为3.5 - 4 。[20]

它可以通过完美的解理、独特的树脂光泽和深色品种的红棕色条纹与类似矿物区分开来。[21]

光学特性

[编辑]
闪锌矿在紫外光下发出荧光。(森肯伯格自然历史博物馆)

纯净的硫化锌是一种宽带隙半导体,带隙约为3.54电子伏特,这使得纯物质在可见光谱中是透明的。增加铁含量会使材料变得不透明,而各种杂质可以赋予晶体多种颜色。[20]在薄片中,闪锌矿呈现出非常高的正浮凸,呈无色至淡黄色或棕色,无多色性[6]

根据杂质的不同,它会在紫外线下发出荧光

闪锌矿的折射率(通过钠光测量,平均波长589.3 nm)从纯ZnS时的2.37到铁含量为40%时的2.50不等。[6]闪锌矿在交叉偏振光下是各向同性的,但如果闪锌矿与其多形体纤锌矿共生,则会发生双折射;双折射可以从0(0%纤锌矿)增加到0.022(100%纤锌矿)。[6][13]

用途

[编辑]

金属矿石

[编辑]

闪锌矿是重要的锌矿石;大约95%的原生锌是从闪锌矿中提取的。[22]然而,由于其微量元素含量可变,闪锌矿也是其他几种金属的重要来源,例如替代锌的镉[23]、镓[24]、锗[25]、和铟[26]。这种矿石最初被矿工称为blende(来自德语blinddeceiving),因为它类似于方铅矿,但不产生[21]

黄铜和青铜

[编辑]

闪锌矿中的锌用于生产黄铜,这是一种铜与3 – 45%锌的合金。[18]黄铜物体的合金主要元素成分提供了证据,证明闪锌矿被伊斯兰用于生产黄铜,早在公元7世纪至16世纪之间的中世纪时代。[27] 在公元12世纪至13世纪(晋朝)中国北方的黄铜胶结过程中也可能使用了闪锌矿。[28]与黄铜类似,闪锌矿中的锌也可用于生产某些类型的青铜;青铜主要是铜与、锌、铅、等其他金属形成合金。[29]

其他

[编辑]

圖集

[编辑]

參考資料

[编辑]
  1. ^ Warr, L.N. IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine. 2021, 85 (3): 291–320 [2022-08-07]. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. S2CID 235729616. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. (原始内容存档于2022-07-22). 
  2. ^ Sphalerite, WebMineral.com 
  3. ^ Sphalerite, MinDat.org 
  4. ^ Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C. Sphalerite (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineral Data Publishing. 2005 [14 March 2022]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-10-24). 
  5. ^ Muntyan, Barbara L. Colorado Sphalerite. Rocks & Minerals. 1999, 74 (4): 220–235 [2022-08-07]. ISSN 0035-7529. doi:10.1080/00357529909602545. (原始内容存档于2022-06-17) –通过Scholars Portal Journals (英语). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Nesse, William D. Introduction to optical mineralogy 4th. New York: Oxford University Press. 2013: 121. ISBN 978-0-19-984627-6. OCLC 817795500. 
  7. ^ Glocker, Ernst Friedrich. Generum et specierum mineralium, secundum ordines naturales digestorum synopsis, omnium, quotquot adhuc reperta sunt mineralium nomina complectens. : Adjectis synonymis et veteribus et recentioribus ac novissimarum analysium chemicarum summis. Systematis mineralium naturalis prodromus.. OCLC 995480390. 
  8. ^ Zhou, Jiahui; Jiang, Feng; Li, Sijie; Zhao, Wenqing; Sun, Wei; Ji, Xiaobo; Yang, Yue. Natural marmatite with low discharge platform and excellent cyclicity as potential anode material for lithium-ion batteries. ElectrochimicaActa. 2019, 321: 134676. S2CID 202080193. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134676 –通过Elsevier SD Freedom Collection (英语). 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Klein, Cornelis. Earth materials: introduction to mineralogy and petrology. Anthony R. Philpotts 2nd. Cambridge, United Kingdom. 2017. ISBN 978-1-107-15540-4. OCLC 962853030. 
  10. ^ Philpotts, Anthony R. Earth materials : introduction to mineralogy and petrology. Second. Cambridge, United Kingdom https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/962853030. 2017. ISBN 978-1-107-15540-4. OCLC 962853030.  缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
  11. ^ Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S., Jr. Manual of mineralogy : (after James D. Dana) 21st. New York: Wiley. 1993: 211–212. ISBN 047157452X. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Cook, Robert B. Connoisseur's Choice: Sphalerite, Eagle Mine, Gilman, Eagle County, Colorado. Rocks & Minerals. 2003, 78 (5): 330–334 [2022-08-04]. ISSN 0035-7529. S2CID 130762310. doi:10.1080/00357529.2003.9926742. (原始内容存档于2022-08-04) (英语). 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Deer, W. A. An introduction to the rock-forming minerals. R. A. Howie, J. Zussman 3rd. London. 2013. ISBN 978-0-903056-27-4. OCLC 858884283. 
  14. ^ International Centre for Diffraction Data reference 04-004-3804页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), ICCD reference 04-004-3804.
  15. ^ Kloprogge, J. Theo. Photo atlas of mineral pseudomorphism. Robert M. Lavinsky. Amsterdam, Netherlands. 2017. ISBN 978-0-12-803703-4. OCLC 999727666. 
  16. ^ Cook, Nigel J.; Ciobanu, Cristiana L.; Pring, Allan; Skinner, William; Shimizu, Masaaki; Danyushevsky, Leonid; Saini-Eidukat, Bernhardt; Melcher, Frank. Trace and minor elements in sphalerite: A LA-ICPMS study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 2009, 73 (16): 4761–4791 [2022-08-07]. Bibcode:2009GeCoA..73.4761C. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2009.05.045. (原始内容存档于2021-11-08) (英语). 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Frenzel, Max; Hirsch, Tamino; Gutzmer, Jens. Gallium, germanium, indium, and other trace and minor elements in sphalerite as a function of deposit type — A meta-analysis. Ore Geology Reviews. July 2016, 76: 52–78. doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.12.017. 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 Klein, Cornelis; Philpotts, Anthony. Earth materials : introduction to mineralogy and petrology 2nd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2017. ISBN 978-1-107-15540-4. OCLC 975051556. 
  19. ^ Deng, Jiushuai; Lai, Hao; Chen, Miao; Glen, Matthew; Wen, Shuming; Zhao, Biao; Liu, Zilong; Yang, Hua; Liu, Mingshi; Huang, Lingyun; Guan, Shiliang; Wang, Ping. Effect of iron concentration on the crystallization and electronic structure of sphalerite/marmatite: A DFT study. Minerals Engineering. June 2019, 136: 168–174. S2CID 182111130. doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2019.02.012. 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Hobart M. King, Sphalerite页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), geology.com. Retrieved 22 Feb. 2022.
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 Klein & Hurlbut 1993,第357頁.
  22. ^ Zinc Statistics and Information. www.usgs.gov. [2021-02-25]. (原始内容存档于2021-11-30). 
  23. ^ Cadmium - In: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries. United States Geological Survey. 2017 [2022-08-07]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-09). 
  24. ^ Frenzel, Max; Ketris, Marina P.; Seifert, Thomas; Gutzmer, Jens. On the current and future availability of gallium. Resources Policy. March 2016, 47: 38–50. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2015.11.005. 
  25. ^ Frenzel, Max; Ketris, Marina P.; Gutzmer, Jens. On the geological availability of germanium. Mineralium Deposita. 2014-04-01, 49 (4): 471–486. Bibcode:2014MinDe..49..471F. ISSN 0026-4598. S2CID 129902592. doi:10.1007/s00126-013-0506-z (英语). 
  26. ^ Frenzel, Max; Mikolajczak, Claire; Reuter, Markus A.; Gutzmer, Jens. Quantifying the relative availability of high-tech by-product metals – The cases of gallium, germanium and indium. Resources Policy. June 2017, 52: 327–335. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2017.04.008可免费查阅. 
  27. ^ Craddock, P.T. Brass in the medieval Islamic world; 2000 years of zinc and brass. British Museum Publications Ltd. 1990: 73–101. ISBN 0-86159-050-3. 
  28. ^ Xiao, Hongyan; Huang, Xin; Cui, Jianfeng. Local cementation brass production during 12th–13th century CE, North China: Evidences from a royal summer palace of Jin Dynasty. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 2020, 34: 102657. S2CID 229414402. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102657 (英语). 
  29. ^ Tylecote, R. F. A history of metallurgy. Institute of Materials 2nd. London: Maney Pub., for the Institute of Materials. 2002. ISBN 1-902653-79-3. OCLC 705004248. 
  30. ^ Major Commodity Organizations. Zinc. Agricultural and Mineral Commodities Year Book 0 (Routledge). 2003-09-02: 358–366 [2021-02-25]. ISBN 978-0-203-40355-6. doi:10.4324/9780203403556-47 (英语). 
  31. ^ Hai, Yun; Wang, Shuonan; Liu, Hao; Lv, Guocheng; Mei, Lefu; Liao, Libing. Nanosized Zinc Sulfide/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite Synthesized from Natural Bulk Sphalerite as Good Performance Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries. JOM. 2020, 72 (12): 4505–4513. Bibcode:2020JOM....72.4505H. ISSN 1047-4838. S2CID 224897123. doi:10.1007/s11837-020-04372-5 (英语). 
  32. ^ Voudouris, Panagiotis; Mavrogonatos, Constantinos; Graham, Ian; Giuliani, Gaston; Tarantola, Alexandre; Melfos, Vasilios; Karampelas, Stefanos; Katerinopoulos, Athanasios; Magganas, Andreas. Gemstones of Greece: Geology and Crystallizing Environments. Minerals. 2019-07-29, 9 (8): 461. Bibcode:2019Mine....9..461V. ISSN 2075-163X. doi:10.3390/min9080461可免费查阅 (英语). 
  33. ^ Murphy, Jack; Modreski, Peter. A Tour of Colorado Gemstone Localities. Rocks & Minerals. 2002-08-01, 77 (4): 218–238 [2022-08-07]. ISSN 0035-7529. S2CID 128754037. doi:10.1080/00357529.2002.9925639. (原始内容存档于2022-08-07) (英语). 

延伸閱讀

[编辑]
  • Dana's Manual of Mineralogy ISBN 0-471-03288-3
  • Webster, R., Read, P. G. (Ed.) (2000). Gems: Their sources, descriptions and identification (5th ed.), p. 386. Butterworth-Heinemann, Great Britain. ISBN 0-7506-1674-1

外部链接

[编辑]
{{bottomLinkPreText}} {{bottomLinkText}}
閃鋅礦
Listen to this article

This browser is not supported by Wikiwand :(
Wikiwand requires a browser with modern capabilities in order to provide you with the best reading experience.
Please download and use one of the following browsers:

This article was just edited, click to reload
This article has been deleted on Wikipedia (Why?)

Back to homepage

Please click Add in the dialog above
Please click Allow in the top-left corner,
then click Install Now in the dialog
Please click Open in the download dialog,
then click Install
Please click the "Downloads" icon in the Safari toolbar, open the first download in the list,
then click Install
{{::$root.activation.text}}

Install Wikiwand

Install on Chrome Install on Firefox
Don't forget to rate us

Tell your friends about Wikiwand!

Gmail Facebook Twitter Link

Enjoying Wikiwand?

Tell your friends and spread the love:
Share on Gmail Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share on Buffer

Our magic isn't perfect

You can help our automatic cover photo selection by reporting an unsuitable photo.

This photo is visually disturbing This photo is not a good choice

Thank you for helping!


Your input will affect cover photo selection, along with input from other users.

X

Get ready for Wikiwand 2.0 🎉! the new version arrives on September 1st! Don't want to wait?