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路径—目标理论

路径—目标理论(Path–goal theory)中文翻译

路径—目标理论(英语:Path–goal theory)是1971年[注 1]由多伦多大学的组织行为学教授罗伯特‧J‧豪斯(Robert J. House)所提出,并曾于1996年提出修订版。该理论指出,领导者的行为取决于其下属的满意度、动机和绩效,而修订版也认为领导者的行为补充了下属的能力并弥补缺陷[2]

起源

该理论的灵感最初来自马丁·G·埃文斯(Martin G. Evans)的工作[3],其中领导行为和追随者对特定行为(路径)的感知将导致特定结果(目标)[4]。路径—目标理论也受到维克托·哈罗德·弗鲁姆(Victor Harold Vroom)在1964年所提出的动机期望理论影响[5]

原创理论

根据第一个理论,经理的工作被视为指导员工选择实现目标和组织目标的最佳途径,该理论认为领导者必须根据特定情况的性质和要求采取不同类型的领导行为。领导者的工作是说明追随者实现目标并提供所需的方向和支持,以确保他们的目标与组织的目标一致[6]。当领导者的行为被视为满足感和激励的来源时,下属可以接受;而当需求满足取决于绩效时,领导者会促进、指导和奖励有效的绩效。最初的路径目标理论确定了以指导型、支持型、参与型和成就导向型领导者行为:

  • 指导型(Directive)领导行为主要是指领导者让追随者知道对他们的期望并告诉他们如何执行任务的情况。该理论认为,当下属的角色和任务要求模棱两可且本质上令人满意时,这种行为具有最积极的影响[7]
  • 支持型(Supportive)领导行为主要是指满足下属的需求和偏好,领导者表现出对追随者心理健康的关注[7],特别是在任务或关系在心理或身体上令人痛苦的情况下需要该行为[4]
  • 参与型(Participative)领导行为主要包括领导者在做出决定之前与追随者协商并征求他们的建议。当下属高度亲自参与工作时,这种型态就很常见[4]
  • 成就导向型(Achievement-oriented)领导行为主要是指领导者为追随者设定具有挑战性目标的情况,期望他们发挥出最高水准,并对他们满足这一期望的能力充满信心[7]。成就动机的职业比如有技术工作、销售人员、科学家、工程师和企业家等[4]

路径—目标理论假设领导者是灵活的,他们可以根据情况需要改变自己的风格。该理论提出了环境权变以及部属权变两种权变数,可以调节领导者的行为与结果的关系。

备注

  1. ^ 另一说是1974年[1]

参考资料

  1. ^ Chance, Patti. Introduction to Educational Leadership & Organizational Behavior. Routledge. 2013: 116 [2013-10-31]. ISBN 978-1-3179-2317-6. (原始内容存档于2024-01-12). 
  2. ^ Antonakis, J.; House, RJ. Instrumental leadership: Measurement and extension of transformational–transactional leadership theory (PDF). The Leadership Quarterly. 2014, 25 (4): 746 [2024-01-11]. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.04.005. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-01-11). 
  3. ^ Evans, Martin G. The effects of supervisory behavior on the path-goal relationship. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. 1970, 5 (3): 277–298. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(70)90021-8. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 House, Robert J. Path-goal theory of leadership: Lessons, legacy, and a reformulated theory. Leadership Quarterly. 1996, 7 (3): 323–352. doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(96)90024-7. 
  5. ^ Vroom, Victor H. Work and motivation. New York: Wiley. 1964. 
  6. ^ House, Robert J. A path-goal theory of leader effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly. 1971, 16 (3): 321–339. JSTOR 2391905. doi:10.2307/2391905. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 House, Robert J.; Mitchell, T.R. Path-goal theory of leadership. Journal of Contemporary Business. 1974, 3: l–97. 
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路径—目标理论
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