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五力分析

五力分析(英语:Porter five forces analysis)为迈克尔·波特在1979年提出的架构,其用途是定义出一个市场吸引力高低程度。波特认为影响市场吸引力的五种力量是个体经济学面,而非一般认为的总体经济学面。五种力量由密切影响公司服务客户及获利的构面组成,任何力量的改变都可能吸引公司退出或进入市场。

五力

五力分析英文版

四个外力 — 来自买方的议价能力、来自供应商的议价能力、来自潜在进入者的威胁、来自替代品的威胁 — 共同组合而演变出影响公司的第五种力量:来自现有竞争者的威胁。而每一种力量都由数项指标决定:

  • 来自买方的议价能力(Bargaining power of customers)
    • 买方集中度(buyer concentration to firm concentration ratio
    • 谈判杠杆(bargaining leverage
    • 买方购买数量(total buyer volume
    • 买方相对于厂商的转换成本(buyer switching costs relative to firm switching costs
    • 买方获取资讯的能力(buyer information availability
    • 买方垂直整合bargaining leveragebackward vertical integration)的程度或可能性
    • 现存替代品(availability of existing substitute products or services
    • 消费者价格敏感度(buyer price sensitivity
    • 总消费金额(price of total purchase
  • 来自供应商的议价能力(Bargaining power of suppliers)
    • 供应商相对于厂商的转换成本 (switching costs of firms in the industry
    • 投入原料的差异化程度
    • 现存的替代原料(presence of substitute inputs
    • 供应商集中度 (supplier concentration
    • 供应商垂直整合bargaining leverageforward vertical integration)的程度或可能性
    • 原料价格占产品售价的比例
  • 来自潜在进入者的威胁(Threat of new entrants)
    • 进入障碍(barriers to entry
    • 规模经济economies of scale
    • 品牌权益brand equity
    • 转换成本(switching costs
    • 强大的资本需求(capital requirements
    • 掌控通路能力(access to distribution channels
    • 绝对成本优势(absolute cost advantages
    • 学习曲线learning curve
    • 政策(government policy
  • 来自替代品的威胁(Threat of substitutes)
    • 消费者对替代品的偏好倾向
    • 替代品相对的价格效用比
    • 消费者的转换成本
    • 消费者认知的品牌差异
  • 来自现有竞争者的威胁(Competitive rivalry)
    • 现有竞争者的数目
    • 产业成长率(industry growth
    • 产业存在超额产能的情况
    • 退出障碍 (exit barrier
    • 竞争者的多样性 (diversity of rivals
    • 资讯的复杂度和不对称
    • 品牌权益 (brand equity
    • 每单位附加价值摊提到的固定资产
    • 大量的广告需求
    • 不同的产品 (product differences

参见

参考文献

  • Brandenburger, A.M. and Nalebuff, B.J. (19dsada95), "The Right Game: Use Game Theory to Shape Strategy", Harvard Business Review, Jul-Aug, pp.57-71
  • Coyne, K.P. and Subramaniam, S. (1996), "Bringing discipline to strategy", The McKinsey Quarterly, No.4
  • Porter, M. (1979) "How competitive forces shape strategy", Harvard Business Review, March/April 1979.
  • Porter, M. (1980) "Competitive Strategy", The Free Press, New York, 1980.
  • Hunger, J. David & Wheelen, Thomas L. (2003) "Essentials of Strategic Management". New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
  • McGahan, A. (2004) "How Industries Evolve - Principles for Achieving and Sustaining Superior Performance". Harvard Business School Press, Boston, 2004

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五力分析
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