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期望理论.
期望理论（expectancy theory），又称效价—手段—期望理论（Valence-instrumentality-expectancy theory），是美国著名心理学家和行为科学家维克托·弗鲁姆于1964年在《工作与激励》中提出来的激励理论。
动机（motivation）取决于行动结果的价值评价（valence）, 其对应的期望值（expectancy）和手段工具（instrumentality） 的乘积：M＝V x E x I
该理论引出了调动人们工作积极性的三个条件[1]：
- 努力与绩效的关系
- 绩效与奖励的关系
- 奖励与满足个人需要的关系
效价期望理论
| 理论元素
|
给管理的启示
|
| 效价(Valence) |
识别员工的需求；按照员工的需求调整奖励体系
|
| 手段工具(Instrumentality) |
业绩和奖励的紧密联系；严格维持薪酬承诺
|
| 期望(Expectancy) |
人力选择，人力进修，阐明业绩目标
|
- ^ Denhardt, Robert B. Managing human behavior in Public and Non-profit organizations. California, U.S.A: SAGE Publications, Inc. : 152. ISBN 9781412956673 （英语）.
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