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负荆请罪

1950年9月的《人民画报》,京剧《将相和》中廉颇蔺相如负荆请罪。

负荆请罪出自司马迁史记·廉颇蔺相如列传》。讲述蔺相如渑池之会被拜为上卿,廉颇忿忿不平,说道:“我身为赵国将军,有着攻城,野战获胜之大功,而蔺相如则只是以伶牙俐齿出众,居然位居于我之上。而且蔺相如出身卑贱,要我位居其下,对我而言实在是极大羞辱。”于是廉颇便对外宣称,如果他看到蔺相如,必定对其大加羞辱。

蔺相如在得知此事后,不与廉颇会面。在早朝时,经常称病不去。有一次,蔺相如出门时,在远处望见廉颇,即时改变行车方向,以躲避他。但这个举动使得其门客亦感到羞耻,质疑蔺相如胆小怕事。蔺相如无奈,只有向他们说道:“大家认为廉将军可否与秦王相比?”众人回答:“不可”。蔺相如再说道:“即使以秦王之淫威,我也敢在大殿上对其叱喝,并羞辱秦国群臣。我虽然不是什么勇者,但怎么可能怕廉将军?其实我只是顾念赵国之社稷,因为强秦之所以不敢攻打赵国,是因为有我们两个人在。两虎相斗,必有一伤。如果我公然跟廉将军闹翻,秦国必定趁机出兵攻赵,赵国就危险了。我之所以如此躲避廉将军,实在是因为国家大事远较个人恩怨为重。”廉颇在得知此事后,即时袒露背部,并背负荆棘至蔺相如门前谢罪。廉颇说道:“我实在是鄙贱的人,竟然不知丞相如此宽宏大量,因而来此谢罪。”而蔺相如亦接受了其道歉,这便是著名的“负荆请罪”。

刎颈之交

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最后蔺相如与廉颇互相赏识,并结为好友。

后世效仿

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约50年后,陈余结识了张耳。陈余年少,像对待父亲一样对待张耳,并且效法蔺相如、廉颇,结为刎颈之交[1]。之后章邯攻赵时,两人被困钜鹿,陈余北收常山数万人,以人数太少,不肯相救,张耳因此指责陈余不救,陈余怒解印绶推给张耳去了厕所,张耳在幕僚建议下收取陈余兵权,从此两人失和,张耳最后随同军击杀陈余。

孙楚牵招碑》上刻写牵招曾经和蜀汉开国皇帝刘备汉末时期结“刎颈之交”。之后刘备身为群雄敌对曹操,自曹氏代汉后以汉朝名义称帝,效力曹氏的牵招也对这些事情感到忌讳。[2][3]

参见

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参考文献

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  1. ^ 《史记·卷八十九》陈余者,亦大梁人也,好儒术,数游赵苦陉。富人公乘氏以其女妻之,亦知陈余非庸人也。余年少,父事张耳,两人相与为刎颈交。
  2. ^ 初学记·第十八》引【晋《孙楚牵招碑》】:君与刘备少长河朔,英雄同契,为刎颈之交。因恐为时所忌,每自酌损,在乎季孟之间。
  3. ^ 太平御览·人事部五十·交友四》引孙楚《牵招碑》曰:初,君与刘备少长河朔,英雄同契,为刎颈之交。有横波截流、拊翼横飞之志。俄而委质于太祖,备遂鼎足于蜀汉。所交非常,为时所忌,每自酌损乎季孟之间。

出处

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负荆请罪
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