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谢林点

谢林点(英语:Schelling point),又译为薛林点,或称为聚焦点(英语:Focal point),是博弈论中人们在没有沟通的情况下的选择倾向,做出这一选择可能因为它看起来自然、特别、或者与选择者有关。美国诺贝尔奖获得者托马斯·谢林于1960年在《冲突的策略》一书中提出该概念。在该书中,谢林描述“每个人期望的聚焦点是他人期望他本人期望被期望做出的选择。”[1]这种概念后来以谢林的名字命名。

例如:两个独立不能交流的人,都被要求从四个球中选择一个,当且仅当两人选中同一个球则获得奖励。四个球中三个是蓝色的,一个是红色的。假设两个人对对方一无所知,但又都希望得奖,那么他们基本上一定会选择红色的球。当然,红色的球并不比蓝色的球好,他们如果都选中一个蓝色的球一样可以得奖,而且仅仅当一个人知道另一个人也选择了红球才应该去选择红球(当然这种情况不可能发生)。但是红球是最保险,也最明显的球,事实上在这种情况下绝大多数人会选择红球。

谢林通过以下的例子阐述这一概念:

假设明天你要在纽约跟一个陌生人见面,你会选择什么时间和什么地点?这是一个协调博弈英语Coordination game问题,其中任何时间任何地点都平等。谢林询问了一些学生,发现绝大多数的回答是“中午在纽约中央车站”。没有什么因素使“纽约中央车站”成为更好的地点(任何一个酒吧,或者图书馆阅读室都可以用于约定见面),但纽约的文化传统提高了中央车站的保险系数,从而使其成为一个自然的“谢林点”。

参考资料

  1. ^ Schelling, Thomas C. The strategy of conflict First. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1960: 57. ISBN 978-0-674-84031-7. 
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谢林点
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