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死结 (博弈论)

C D
c 1, 1 0, 3
d 3, 0 2, 2

博弈中,死结 是指一个游戏中,双方得到最大利益的纯策略为支配性策略,且和对方互斥(右边的收支矩阵就是一个例子)。对于列玩家(row)而言,选择d能得到的利益永远比c大,行(column)玩家也是如此,因为他们会使用(d, D)。

定义

C D
c a, b c, d
d e, f g, h

任何满足了以下两个条件的,就是一个死结:(1) e>g>a>c 和 (2) d>h>b>f。以上条件都需要dD是支配性策略。(d, D)对双方而言是互斥的,他们都希望对手选择c(C)而不是d(D)。


和囚徒困境一样,这些游戏只有唯一一个纳什均衡点:(d, D)。


参考资料与注脚

  • GameTheory.net
  • C. Hauert: Effects of space in 2 x 2 games. Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos 12 (2002) 1531-1548.
  • H.-U. Stark: Dilemmas of partial cooperation. Evolution 64 (2010) 2458–2465.
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死结 (博弈论)
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