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最后通牒博弈

最后通牒博弈(英语:Ultimatum Game)是一种由两名参与者进行的非零和博弈。在这种博弈中,一名提议者向另一名响应者提出一种分配资源的方案,如果响应者同意这一方案,则按照这种方案进行资源分配;如果不同意,则两人都会什么都得不到。按照理性人假设,只要提议者将少量资源分配给响应者,响应者就应该同意。因为这要比什么都得不到好。但实际进行的实验则表明只有当给响应者分配足够资源时,方案才能通过。当有多名响应者参与并拥有投票权,且方案被否决会导致动议者收益为负无限大时,这一博弈就成为了海盗博弈[1]

历史

该实验最早是由 Werner Guth, Rolf Schmittberger 和 Bernd Schwarze 于1982年在科隆大学进行,之后在全世界范围内被重复了无数次。研究者之所以热衷于这个实验,是因为其实验结果与新古典经济学经济人假设大相径庭。[2]。如果响应者被分到的钱太少,他们经常会宁愿什么也不要,也不要不公平地让自己看起来愚蠢。

来源

  1. ^ Stewart, Ian. A Puzzle for Pirates (PDF). Scientific American. May 1999, 280 (5): 98–99. Bibcode:1999SciAm.280e..98S. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0599-98. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-09-27). 
  2. ^ 克莱・舍基,《认知盈余》,第119页,中国人民大学出版社,2012年
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最后通牒博弈
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