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全支付拍卖

全支付拍卖(英语:all-pay auction)是经济学博弈论中的一种特殊的拍卖模型。这一模型中,竞拍者凡是报价,就需要如所报价格支付,但和传统的竞拍一样,只有报价最高者可以获得竞拍品。

全支付拍卖模型的纳什均衡点存在于所有竞拍者均采取混合策略时,其期望回报为零。[1]卖家的期望收益即为竞拍品的价值。但在一些真实的实验中,溢价是普遍现象,且在长远来看,频繁得标反而最有可能导致损失。[2]

形式

塔洛克拍卖(英语:Tullock auction)或塔洛克博彩(英语:Tullock lottery)是全支付拍卖模型最直接的形式,其中无论赢家和输家都必须支付自己的叫价。这一模型对理解一些关于公共选择的经济学观点非常有裨益。拍卖美元中,博弈本身是多人博弈,但演变到最后总是两个竞买人支付出价,故而可以算是塔洛克拍卖的两人形式。

常规彩票抽彩英语raffle也可以算是与全支付拍卖有关,因为所有的彩票所有者均不计输赢后果地支付了一定金额。与之类似的拍卖模型就有网络上的一分钱拍卖英语bidding fee auction等。一分钱拍卖的拍卖起价极低,但是每次报价均需要一定手续费和保证金。

摩擦战(war of attrition),也被叫做生物学拍卖(英语:biological auctions[3])也可以算是一种全支付拍卖。摩擦战中,最高价竞买者获得标的,但是未获得标的者也需要支付相对低一些的报价。这一模型被生物学家用来模拟一些常见的生物竞争关系,如一些不由直接肢体对抗英语Agonistic display解决解释的对抗互动英语Agonistic behaviour

参考资料

  1. ^ Jehiel P, Moldovanu B (2006) Allocative and informational externalities in auctions and related mechanisms. In: Blundell R, Newey WK, Persson T (eds) Advances in Economics and Econometrics: Volume 1: Theory and Applications, Ninth World Congress, vol 1, Cambridge University Press, chap 3
  2. ^ Gneezy and Smorodinsky (2006), All-pay auctions - An experimental study, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol 61, pp. 255–275
  3. ^ Chatterjee, Reiter, and Nowak (2012), Evolutionary Dynamics of Biological Auctions, Theoretical Population Biology, Vol 81, pp. 69–80
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全支付拍卖
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