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拍卖美元

拍卖美元(英语:Dollar auction)是经济学家马丁·舒比克提出的一种非零和对抗博弈,目的是展现传统理性选择理论的悖论,玩家在博弈(游戏)中作出看似理性的选择时,反而会被迫作出最终非理性的决定。[1]

玩法

在这一场游戏中,一群参与者共同参与竞拍一张一美元的纸币,其中出价最高的会得到那一美元,但出价第二高的也得支付他出的价钱。当其中一人出价1美分时,他会考虑到另一人如果出价2美分,那么他自己将会白白损失1美分;只要另一人出价比他高,那他都只会损失。而当价格提高到刚好1美元时,第一位竞拍人就不会有任何收益。但是,如果另外一名参与者出价1.01美元,那他就会损失同样的1.01美元。与之相比,如果他自己出价1.02美元则只会损失2美分。在这种循环之下,参与者们在理论上将会以很高的价格买下1美元纸币。现实中这种情况也会经常出现。

该游戏的变体有“拍卖20美元”等,实验证明20美元钞票能拍卖到超过200美元,并且在修改加价幅度后,能达到2000美元。[2]

示例

解决方法

  • 不参与(如:美国大选只有民主党共和党参与,其他小党派不会参与)
  • 可信威胁(如:商家宣称“买贵了,退差价”)[3]
  • 第一人出价时,出价0.99美元,这样第二人出价的最低价是1.00美元,显然他将毫无获利,一般人便不会出价一美元来买这一美元了。[4]

参考资料

  1. ^ Shubik: 1971. Page 109
  2. ^ J. Keith Murnighan. A Very Extreme Case of the Dollar Auction. JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT EDUCATION (Northwestern University). 2002-02, 26 (1): 56–69 [2019-09-17]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-07). 
  3. ^ 李永乐老师, 传销不挣钱为啥还有这么多人参与?美国大选为啥总是两党之争?李永乐老师讲一美元拍卖陷阱, 2019-02-21 [2019-05-21], (原始内容存档于2019-08-09) 
  4. ^ 8仔筆記│學聯疑墮「一美元拍賣陷阱」 狼英為取勝斷送警隊名聲|852郵報. 852邮报. 2014-12-01 [2018-01-26]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-24) (中文(香港)). 

外部链接

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拍卖美元
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