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合作博弈

合作博弈论(英语:cooperative game theory)是博弈论中的一种理论,又称正和博弈。是指一些参与者以形成联盟、互相合作的方式所进行的博弈。这样一来博弈活动就变成了不同集团之间的对抗。在合作博弈中,参与者未必会做出合作行为,会有一个来自外部的机构用不同方式(例如合约)惩罚非合作者。合作博弈的相反是非合作博弈,指的是参与者不可能形成联盟或任何合作机制都必须为自我履约契约(例如,透过置信威胁的方式)。[1]

合作博弈通常是借由分析合作博弈的理论框架而得,试图想要预测会如何形成合作联盟、如何采取联合的行动以及合作所导致的成果。合作博弈和传统非合作博弈的研究方向相反,非合作博弈试图预测的是个人在博弈中的行动与成果,并分析奈许方程式。[2][3]

合作博弈理论试图想要从高层次的角度,来分析合作博弈的结构、策略以及合作能带来的收益,而非合作博弈理论则试图了解谈判、议价过程如何影响收益分布。非合作博弈相对合作博弈较为常见,因此往往透过非合作博弈理论来协助分析合作博弈,对参与者面对外在压力,所有可能采取的策略,建立各种假设。但这样的分析是不可逆的。尽管在非合作博弈理论的框架下,试图分析所有的可能性过于乐观,因为在很多状况下,并无法取得完整信息,预期参与者在议价过程的策略,或是经由理论作出的预测模型过于复杂,无法应用在现实世界。在这些状况中,合作博弈理论提供一个较为简化的方式,让研究者大多不需要对博弈之间所发生的议价过程做出任何假设。

参考文献

  1. ^ Shor, Mike. Non-Cooperative Game - Game Theory .net. www.gametheory.net. [2016-09-15]. (原始内容存档于2014-04-01). 
  2. ^ Chandrasekaran, R. Cooperative Game Theory (PDF). (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-05-17). 
  3. ^ Brandenburger, Adam. Cooperative Game Theory: Characteristic Functions, Allocations, Marginal Contribution (PDF). (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-05-27). 
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合作博弈
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