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置换群

群论 基本概念 子群 · 正规子群 · 商群 · 群同态 ·  · ()直积 · 直和单群 · 有限群 · 无限群 · 拓扑群 · 群概形 · 循环群 · 幂零群 · 可解群 · 圈积 离散群 有限单群分类 循环群 Zn 交错群 An 李型群散在群马蒂厄群 M11..12,M22..24康威群 Co1..3 扬科群 J1..4 费歇尔群(英语:Fischer group)F22..24子魔群(英语:sub monster group) B魔群 M 其他有限群 对称群, Sn 二面体群, Dn 无限群 整数, Z 模群, PSL(2,Z) 和 SL(2,Z) 连续群 李群一般线性群 GL(n)特殊线性群 SL(n)正交群 O(n)特殊正交群 SO(n)酉群 U(n)特殊酉群 SU(n)辛群 Sp(n) G2 F4 E6 E7 E8 劳仑兹群庞加莱群 无限维群 共形群微分同胚群 环路群 量子群 O(∞) SU(∞) Sp(∞) 代数群 椭圆曲线线性代数群(英语:Linear algebraic group阿贝尔簇(英语:Abelian variety) .mw-parser-output .hlist ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist li,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:after{white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li:after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li:after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li:after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li:before{content:" "counter(listitem)" ";white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child:before{content:" ("counter(listitem)" "}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li:before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child:before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:","}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:";"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}

数学上,一个给定集上,所有到自身的可逆映射构成的集合关于映射的合成构成一个,称为对称群,记为的任一子群称为上的变换群。 如果是包含个元素的有限集,称其到自身的可逆映射为置换(英语:permutation)。其对称群称为阶对称群(英语:sysmmetric group of degree n),并把记为。同时称的任一子群置换群[1]

置换群到被置换的元素的应用称为群作用;它在对称性和组合论以及数学的其他很多分支中有应用,也是研究晶体的结构等所不可或缺的工具。

例子

置换通常写作轮换形式,例如,在轮换指标计算中,给定集合的一个置换若为,可以写作,或者更常见的写作,因为保持不变;若对象有单个字母或数字表示,逗号也被省去,所以可以记作

常见的置换群

参看

参考

  • John D. Dixon and Brian Mortimer. Permutation Groups. Number 163 in Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Springer-Verlag, 1996.
  • Akos Seress. Permutation group algorithms. Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics, 152. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003.
  • Meenaxi Bhattacharjee, Dugald Macpherson, Rögnvaldur G. Möller and Peter M. Neumann. Notes on Infinite Permutation Groups. Number 1698 in Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Springer-Verlag, 1998.
  • Alexander Hulpke. GAP Data Library "Transitive Permutation Groups"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  1. ^ 韩士安,林磊. 近世代数(第二版). 北京: 科学出版社. 2009: 44. ISBN 9787030250612. 
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置换群
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