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糖尿病视网膜病变

糖尿病视网膜病变
Diabetic retinopathy
类型ocular manifestation of diabetes[*]diabetic angiopathy[*]retinal vascular disease[*]疾病
病因糖尿病
分类和外部资源
医学专科diabetology、​眼科学
ICD-119B71.0
ICD-10H36E10.3 E11.3 E12.3 E13.3 E14.3
ICD-9-CM250.5
DiseasesDB29372
MedlinePlus000494 001212
eMedicineoph/414 oph/415
MeSHD003930
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

糖尿病视网膜病变(英语:Diabetic retinopathy)是糖尿病并发症。长期的高血糖环境会损伤视网膜血管的内皮,引起一系列的眼底病变,如微血管瘤、硬性渗出、棉絮斑、新生血管、玻璃体增殖、黄班水肿、糖尿病视网膜病变[1]甚至视网膜脱离。一般糖尿病出现十年以上的病人开始出现眼底病变,但如果血糖控制差,或者是胰岛素依赖型糖尿病的患者则可能更早出现眼底病变,故糖尿病患者需要定期到眼科检查眼底。

分级

正常视图
糖尿病视网膜病变患者视图
由于糖尿病视网膜病变中的动脉分支堵塞而排空的视网膜小静脉(荧光血管造影)

分级

  • NPDR:非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变
  • PDR:增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变

单纯性

  • I级:有微小动脉瘤,小出血点。
    • (+):容易数;(++):太多,数不过来
  • Ⅱ级:硬性渗出,出血斑
    • (+):容易数;(++):太多,数不过来
  • Ⅲ级:软性渗出,出血斑
    • (+):容易数;(++):太多,数不过来

增殖性

  • Ⅳ级:新生血管,玻璃体出血
  • Ⅴ级:新生血管,纤维增生
  • Ⅵ级:新生血管,纤维增生,视网膜脱离


诊断 [2]

  • 1. 标准视网膜彩色摄影(standard retinal color photography):可显示出1/3视网膜表面(后表面)的血管分布。
  • 2. 萤光血管摄影法(fluorescein angiography):用于判断血管通透性和血管三层之结构。
  • 3. 超宽视野眼底摄影(ultrawide-field photography of the fundus ):可看到80%的视网膜表面,相较标准视网膜彩色摄影,能显示出更多发生病变的区域。
  • 4. 光学相干断层扫描(Optical coherence tomography, OCT):非侵入式进行视网膜纵断面及横断面扫描,影像可显示黄斑中央小凹(fovea)区域是否增厚、不规则,为诊断糖尿病黄斑水肿的好工具。但因无法由OCT判断视网膜血管内部的微小变化,如血管通透性、血流渗出之强度等,因此需搭配其他血管摄影法进行检查。
  • 5. 自适应光学技术(adaptive optics technology):如使用激光式眼底镜、泛光照明器。这项技术透过可塑形之镜片侦测视网膜不正常的反射光波,其解像力高,可显示视网膜上极微小的构造。
  • 6. 人工智能:透过深度学习,人工智能得以经由影像判读,辨识视网膜病变区域,并提供相关预后和治疗方针。


治疗 [2][3]

  • 1. 脑垂腺切除术(1970年代以前)
  • 2. 泛视网膜激光 (1970年代至今都有使用)
  • 3. 抗血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)抗体:于治疗糖尿病黄斑水肿具有一定之成效,如bevacizumab、afibercept已获得FDA核可。

延伸阅读

  • Evaluation and Care of Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy

The new England journal of medicine, April 23, 2020 Julie R. Ingelfinger, M.D., Editor https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1909637页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

  • Diabetic Retinopathy

The new England journal of medicine, March 29, 2012 David A. Antonetti, Ph.D., Ronald Klein, M.D., M.P.H., and Thomas W. Gardner, M.D. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1005073页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

外部链接

  1. ^ 【陳卓琪眼科醫生】與【高永文醫生】在【獅子會】活動中推廣【糖尿病及相關眼疾】的健康知識. 睛明护眼 www.EyeCareHK.org. 2019-06-24 [2019-08-01]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-28) (中文(香港)). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 存档副本. [2020-11-15]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-02). 
  3. ^ 存档副本. [2020-11-15]. (原始内容存档于2016-10-07). 
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糖尿病视网膜病变
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