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药用胰岛素

胰岛素
临床资料
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682611
给药途径皮下注射, 静脉注射, 肌内注射, 吸入
ATC码
法律规范状态
法律规范
识别信息
CAS号9004-10-8  ☒N
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
化学信息
密度1.09[1] g/cm3
熔点233 °C(451 °F) [2]

胰岛素(英语:Insulin)是用胰岛素或胰岛素类似物制成的蛋白质药物。药用胰岛素有很多种,包括速效型(如门冬胰岛素)和长效性(如地特胰岛素)等。

胰岛素可以治疗多种疾病,包括糖尿病和其导致的各种并发症如糖尿病酮症酸中毒高渗性高血糖状态[3]胰岛素与葡萄糖合用可以治疗高血钾症[3]胰岛素的主要不良反应是导致低血糖、注射部位的皮肤问题和低血钾等等。[3]1922年1月,加拿大人查尔斯·赫伯特·贝斯特弗雷德里克·班廷第一次将胰岛素作为药物使用。[4]

医疗用途

胰岛素被广泛使用于治疗很多疾病,包括糖尿病及其急性并发症,如糖尿病酮症酸中毒高渗性高血糖状态[3]。它有时还会与葡萄糖一起使用以治疗高钾血症[3]。在以前的心理治疗亦会使用胰岛素,其被称为胰岛素昏迷疗法英语Insulin shock therapy[5]

副作用

如果胰岛素所注射的剂量过高,或用者所吃的分量少于他所注射的,可能会使用者出现低血糖的情况。相反,若胰岛素所注射的剂量过低,则可能令用者的血糖过高。上述两种情况都会危及性命。

过敏

对胰岛素产生过敏迹象是较为罕见的,惧患率只有2%,其中大多数反应也不是胰岛素本身的问题,而是加进胰岛素的保存剂所致,如锌、精蛋白间甲酚英语m-Cresol。大多数的过敏都是即发性过敏反应全身型过敏性反应则较罕见。被怀疑对胰岛素过敏的人可进行皮肤点刺测试英语Skin allergy test皮肤贴布测试英语Patch test或较少见的皮肤切片,来再作进一步确认。对胰岛素过敏反应的一线治疗包括利用抗组胺药物的对症疗法。然后受胰岛素过敏影响的人之后会转至一种不包含令他们的过敏媒介的制剂,或需要接受脱敏[6]

引用

  1. ^ Harding, Marjorie M.; Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot; Kennedy, Ann F.; O'Connor, A.; Weitzmann, P.D.J. The crystal structure of insulin. Journal of Molecular Biology. March 1966, 16 (1): 212–IN30. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(66)80274-7. 
  2. ^ Abel, J. J. Crystalline Insulin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1 February 1926, 12 (2): 132–136. doi:10.1073/pnas.12.2.132. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Insulin Human. www.drugs.com. [1 December 2014]. (原始内容存档于2016-10-22). 
  4. ^ Casebook for The Foundation a Great American Secret.. New York: PublicAffairs. 2009: 22. ISBN 9780786734252. 
  5. ^ Jones K. Insulin coma therapy in schizophrenia (PDF). Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. March 2000, 93 (3): 147–9. PMC 1297956可免费查阅. PMID 10741319. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-02-20). 
  6. ^ Ghazavi MK, Johnston GA. Insulin allergy. Clinics in Dermatology. May–Jun 2011, 29 (3): 300–5. PMID 21496738. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.11.009. 
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药用胰岛素
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