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短面熊

短面熊
化石时期:中更新世-早全新世, 1.8–0.011 Ma
巨型短面熊(A. simus)化石,来自拉布雷亚沥青坑
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 哺乳纲 Mammalia
目: 食肉目 Carnivora
科: 熊科 Ursidae
亚科: 眼镜熊亚科 Tremarctinae
属: 短面熊属 Arctodus
模式种
Arctodus pristinus
Leidy, 1854
  • 倭短面熊 A. pristinus (Leidy, 1854)
  • 巨型短面熊 A. simus (Cope, 1879)

短面熊(学名:Arctodus),又称为熊齿兽,是一种生活于更新世北美洲已灭绝的,生活于大约1千8百万年前至1万1千年前。牠们是北美洲早期最常见的熊,尤其在加州[1],外观可能类似现生的棕熊,但有较长的前肢以及更巨大的体型。短面熊属下有2种:体型巨大的巨型短面熊Arctodus simus)以及体型较小的倭短面熊(Arctodus pristinus),牠们的绝种被认为与新仙女木期导致的温度骤降有关。短面熊现存亲缘关系最近的近亲为眼镜熊

短面熊学名 Arctodus 来自于希腊语,意思为“熊的牙齿”。

巨型短面熊(A. simus)复原图
巨型短面熊(A. simus)与人体型大小比较

演化

短面熊属于眼镜熊亚科,演化自出现于晚中新世上熊属。在南北美洲生物大迁徙时,眼镜熊亚科入侵南美洲,并且演化出细齿巨熊以及现存的眼镜熊。虽然对短面熊的早期历史所知甚少,牠后来于80万年前堪萨冰川作用时期英语Kansan glaciation广泛分布于北美洲。

巨型短面熊Arctodus simus)最早出现在80万年前中更新世时期的北美洲,分布范围大致从阿拉斯加密西西比州[2][3]。巨型短面熊约在 11,600 年前绝种,化石最早发现于加州沙斯塔县的 Potter Creek Cave[4]。巨型短面熊是目前北美洲已知体型最大的陆域肉食性哺乳动物(次于细齿巨熊)。一具巨型短面熊的化石在印第安纳州罗切斯特出土[5],为目前所发现最完整的全身骨骼化石,样本目前保存于芝加哥菲尔德自然史博物馆[5]

倭短面熊(Arctodus pristinus)分布于较南方的地区,包括北德州至东新泽西州阿瓜斯卡连特斯州墨西哥[6]。并且在佛罗里达州有大量化石出土,最早的样本出自吉尔克里斯特郡

描述

根据最近的研究,6具巨型短面熊的样本中有2具估计个体体重约900千克(2,000磅),其中最重的为957千克(2,110磅)的编号 UVP 015 样本,这代表着这样体型的个体其实比之前预估的还常见[7]。巨型短面熊后脚站起来时全高 2.4—3.0米(7.9—9.8英尺)[8],而较大型的个体全高则可达 3.4—3.7米(11—12英尺)。四足行走时,肩高为 1.5—1.8米(4.9—5.9英尺),可以与人平视[9][10][11]。在美国密苏里州河阶洞英语Riverbluff Cave中,科学家在4.6米(15英尺)高的墙面上发现熊的爪印,这代表着短面熊站起来的高度可以达到3.7米(12英尺)[12][13]

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ Brown, Gary. Great Bear Almanac. 1996: 340. ISBN 1558214747. 
  2. ^ C. S. Churcher, A. V. Morgan, and L. D. Carter. 1993. Arctodus simus from the Alaskan Arctic Slope. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30(5):1007-1013, collected by A. V. Morgan
  3. ^ M. L. Cassiliano. 1999. Biostratigraphy of Blancan and Irvingtonian mammals in the Fish Creek-Vallecito Creek section, southern California, and a review of the Blancan-Irvingtonian boundary. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19(1):169-186
  4. ^ COPE, E. D. 1879. The cave bear of California. American Naturalist, 13:791.
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Willard, S. Rochester's Giant Bear Gets Famous. fultoncountyhistory.org. [2017-07-17]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-18). 
  6. ^ I. Ferrusquia-Villafranca. 1978. Bol Univ Nac Aut Mex Inst Geol 101:193-321
  7. ^ Figueirido; et al. Demythologizing Arctodus simus, the 'short-faced' long-legged and predaceous bear that never was. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2010, 30 (1): 262–275. doi:10.1080/02724630903416027. 
  8. ^ Nancy Sisinyak. The Biggest Bear ... Ever. Alaska Fish and Wildlife News. [2008-01-12]. (原始内容存档于2012-12-30). 
  9. ^ Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre. [17 April 2014]. (原始内容存档于31 March 2014). 
  10. ^ North American Bear Center. Extinct Short-faced Bear. [17 April 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-09-21). 
  11. ^ Brown, Gary. The Bear Almanac, 2nd: A Comprehensive Guide to the Bears of the World. Lyons Press. December 3, 2013: 8 [2018-10-22]. ISBN 978-0762788064. (原始内容存档于2014-11-29). 
  12. ^ Bear Claw Marks. Riverbluff Cave - The Official Website. [17 April 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-01). 
  13. ^ Cave Animals. Riverbluff Cave - The Official Website. [17 April 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-22). 
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短面熊
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