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多元正态分布

多元正态分布
概率密度函数

Many samples from a multivariate (bivariate) Gaussian distribution centered at (1,3) with a standard deviation of 3 in roughly the (0.878, 0.478) direction (longer vector) and of 1 in the second direction (shorter vector, orthogonal to the longer vector).
记号
参数 μRN — 位置
ΣRN×N协方差矩阵 (半正定)
值域 xμ+span(Σ) ⊆ RN
概率密度函数
(仅当 Σ正定矩阵时)
累积分布函数 解析表达式不存在
期望 μ
众数 μ
方差 Σ
矩生成函数
特征函数

多变量正态分布亦称为多变量高斯分布。它是单维正态分布向多维的推广。它同矩阵正态分布有紧密的联系。

一般形式

N维随机向量如果服从多变量正态分布,必须满足下面的三个等价条件:

  1. 任何线性组合服从正态分布
  2. 存在随机向量( 它的每个元素服从独立标准正态分布),向量 矩阵满足.
  3. 存在和一个对称半正定阵满足的特征函数

如果非奇异的,那么该分布可以由以下的概率密度函数来描述:[1]

注意这里的表示协方差矩阵的行列式。

二元的情况

在二维非奇异的情况下(k = rank(Σ) = 2),向量 [X Y]′概率密度函数为:

其中 ρXY 之间的相关系数。在这种情况下,

参考文献

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多元正态分布
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