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塔尔巴哈台

塔尔巴哈台在新疆的位置(1820年)

塔尔巴哈台蒙古语ᠲᠠᠷᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠢ达斡尔语Tarbgti《达汉对照词典》记音符号),中国旧地名,是清代新疆的一个政区,即塔尔巴哈台参赞大臣辖区。其治所绥靖城又称塔尔巴哈台城,简称塔城,即今新疆塔城市

建置沿革

蒙古语系的蒙古语及达斡尔语中,“塔尔巴哈台”为“有旱獭的地方”之意(土拨鼠蒙古语音译为“塔尔巴哈”(蒙古语тарвага转写tarvaga),“台”为状语词缀“有…的”)。初时为大汗蒙哥之子昔里吉封地,后入察合台汗国末,塔尔巴哈台为蒙古土尔扈特部牧地,后被准噶尔部吞并,土尔扈特部落大多西迁至额济勒河(伏尔加河)一带。清乾隆二十年(1755年),清灭准噶尔,塔尔巴哈台一带纳入版图。

乾隆二十九年(1764年),参赞大臣绰勒多率绿营兵在原土尔扈特牧地雅尔筑城,名曰肇丰城(今哈萨克斯坦乌尔扎尔)。同年,置塔尔巴哈台参赞大臣一人,驻肇丰城。乾隆三十一年(1766年),因雅尔气候寒冷,时任参赞大臣的阿桂奏请于雅尔以西二百里之楚呼楚(今塔城市)筑城,乾隆皇帝御赐城名曰绥靖城,移塔尔巴哈台参赞大臣驻绥靖城。此后,绥靖城又被称作塔尔巴哈台城,简称塔城。塔尔巴哈台参赞大臣管辖的区域,称塔尔巴哈台。其地东至拜山(北塔山),北至乌陇古河(乌伦古河)、布伦托海乌伦古湖)、额尔齐斯河科布多为邻,西至巴尔喀什湖,西南至勒布什河与伊犁为界,南临古尔班通古特沙漠

光绪十四年(1888年),以其地置塔尔巴哈台直隶厅,隶属于伊塔道。裁撤塔尔巴哈台参赞大臣,移伊犁副都统来驻,改称“塔尔巴哈台副都统”。次年,于旧城东南一里处筑新城,此后老城又称“汉城”,新城又称“满城”。

中华民国初年,废直隶厅,由新疆省析置塔尔巴哈台区域,为一级行政区。1913年,塔尔巴哈台并入新疆省,改为塔城县

参考文献

  • 《清史稿》 ,中华书局点校本
  • 谭其骧等,1974,《中国历史地图集》,北京:中国地图出版社
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塔尔巴哈台
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