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低电离星系核

哈伯太空望远镜(HST)观测所见的阔边帽星系(M104)。阔边帽星系是LINER 星系的一个例子[1]。创建者:HST/NASA/ESA.

低电离星系核(LINER,low-ionization nuclear emission-line region)是依据星系核心排放的谱线定义的一种星系。这种类型谱线包括来自低电离或中性原子的发射谱线,像是OO+N+S+。相反的,来自强电离原子的发射线,像是O++Ne++He++,是相对的较弱[2]。这种星系核最早是迪莫西·赫克曼在一系列发表于1980年的星系核谱线论文中的第三篇中首度确认的[2]

LINER星系的统计

包含低电离星系核(LINERs)的星系称为LINER星系。在近距离(20-40Mpc)的星系中,LINER星系是非常普遍的,大约有三分之一的星系可以归类为LINER星系[2][3]。大约75%的LINER星系是椭圆星系透镜星系、或是S0/a-Sab星系(有着巨大核球与旋臂紧密缠绕的螺旋星系)。 在Sb-Scd星系(核球较小和旋臂松散的螺旋星系)很少发现LINERs,在邻近的不规则星系内更是罕见[3]。LINERs在亮红外星系(LIRGs)中LINERs也非常普遍。亮红外星系是依据红外线亮度定义的,它们经常形成于两个相互间有着交互作用的星系。依据定义,扩张的星系是不会碰撞的,并且星系们是宁静的,不会有碰撞中的恒星。大约四分之一的亮红外星系(LIRGs)可能包含低电离星系核[4]

科学辩论:能量来源和电离机制

低电离星系核有两项主要的中心辩论。首先,天文学家一直在争论这些星系中心激发气体电离的能量来源。有些天文学家建议活跃星系核(AGN)与黑洞要为低电离星系核发射谱线负责[2][5]。其他的天文学家则声称应该是恒星形成区提供了能量的来源[6][7]。另一个主要议题是离子是如何被激发的。有些天文学家提出是激波的传播通过气体使得气体电离[2],而其他一些人则认为光致游离紫外线造成电离)才该负责[5][6][7]

低电离星系核在各种不同型态、不同亮度的星系中广泛被发现的事实,使得这些辩论变得异常复杂。此外,对低电离星系核能量来源的辩论与在亮红外星系中看见,来自恒星形成区的光或活跃星系核的光造成LIRGs的类似辩论议题纠缠在一起[4]

虽然,低电离星系核的能量来源和激发机制这两者都还在研究中,但许多低电离星系核经常被归类为活跃星系核[1]

在低电离星系核的恒星形成

进行了大量的调查,来探讨恒星形成和低电离星系核之间的关联。如果低电离星系核和恒星形成之间有某种的关联,那么在低电离星系核中找到恒星形成的热气体的可能性就非常高。然而,如果在低电离星系核中找不到恒星形成,那么就明确的排除了恒星形成作为低电离星系核发射的能量来源。

在亮红外星系与低电离星系核的恒星形成

最近,史匹哲太空望远镜的观测显示在亮红外星系(LIRGs)的低电离星系核和恒星形成活动有明确的关联性。在LIRGs与低电离星系核的中红外线光谱显示已经看见与星暴星系相似的中红外光谱,这表明红外线明亮的低电离星系核是由恒星形成的活动提供能量。然而,有些来自活跃星系核的中红外线光谱的发射谱线也在这些星系中被发现,显示恒星形成可能不是低电离星系核唯一的能量来源[8]

在一般星系与低电离星系核的恒星形成

然而,在邻近的一般星系和低电离星系核似乎是不同的。一些近红外线光谱的调查,已经确定在一般性内的低电离星系核的能量来源可能是恒星形成[9]。不过,在邻近星系的低电离星系核,恒星形成的活动水准都很低[9][10][11]。此外,许多低电离星系核的恒星族群,看起来似乎都很老了[12][13][11],而且史匹哲太空望远镜观察到的中红外线光谱,看来也不同于预期的恒星形成光谱[8]。这些结果表明大窝数一般星系中的低电离星系核可能ˊ是由恒星形成提供能量,但是依然存在着少数的例外。

值得注意的LINER星系

相关条目

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 L. C. Ho, A. V. Filippenko, W. L. W. Sargent. A Search for "Dwarf" Seyfert Nuclei. III. Spectroscopic Parameters and Properties of the Host Galaxies. Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 1997, 112 (2): 315–390. Bibcode:1997ApJS..112..315H. arXiv:astro-ph/9704107可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/313041. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 T. M. Heckman. An optical and radio survey of the nuclei of bright galaxies - Activity in normal galactic nuclei. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 1980, 87: 152–164. Bibcode:1980A&A....87..152H. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 L. C. Ho, A. V. Filippenko, W. L. W. Sargent. A Search for "Dwarf" Seyfert Nuclei. V. Demographics of Nuclear Activity in Nearby Galaxies. Astrophysical Journal. 1997, 487 (2): 568–578. Bibcode:1997ApJ...487..568H. arXiv:astro-ph/9704108可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/304638. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 S. Veilleux, D.-C. Kim, D. B. Sanders, J. M. Mazzarella, B. T. Soifer. Optical Spectroscopy of Luminous Infrared Galaxies. II. Analysis of the Nuclear and Long-Slit Data. Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 1995, 98: 171–217. Bibcode:1995ApJS...98..171V. doi:10.1086/192158. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 L. C. Ho, A. V. Filippenko, W. L. W. Sargent. A Reevaluation of the Excitation Mechanism of LINERs. Astrophysical Journal. 1993, 417: 63–81. Bibcode:1993ApJ...417...63H. doi:10.1086/173291. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 R. Terlevich, J. Melnick. Warmers - The missing link between Starburst and Seyfert galaxies. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1985, 213: 841–856. Bibcode:1985MNRAS.213..841T. doi:10.1093/mnras/213.4.841. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 J. C. Shields. Normal O stars in dense media generate LINERs. Astrophysical Journal Letters. 1992, 399: L27–L30. Bibcode:1992ApJ...399L..27S. doi:10.1086/186598. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 E. Sturm, D. Rupke, A. Contursi, D.-C. Kim, D. Lutz, H. Netzer, S. Veilleux, R. Genzel, M. Lehnert, L. J. Tacconi, D. Maoz, J. Mazzarella, S. Lord, D. Sanders, A. Sternberg. Mid-Infrared Diagnostics of LINERS. Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2006, 653 (1): L13–L16. Bibcode:2006ApJ...653L..13S. arXiv:astro-ph/0610772可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/510381. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 J. E. Larkin, L. Armus, R. A. Knop, B. T. Soifer, K. Matthews. A Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Survey of LINER Galaxies. Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 1998, 114 (1): 59–72. Bibcode:1998ApJS..114...59L. arXiv:astro-ph/9708097可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/313063. 
  10. ^ G. J. Bendo, R. D. Joseph, M. Wells, P. Gallais, M. Haas, A. M. Heras, U. Klaas, R. J. Laureijs, K. Leech, D. Lemke, L. Metcalfe, M. Rowan-Robinson, B. Schulz, C. Telesco. Star Formation in the Infrared Space Observatory Atlas of Bright Spiral Galaxies. Astronomical Journal. 2002, 124 (3): 1380–1392. Bibcode:2002AJ....124.1380B. arXiv:astro-ph/0206299可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/342283. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 G. J. Bendo, R. D. Joseph. Nuclear Stellar Populations in the Infrared Space Observatory Atlas of Bright Spiral Galaxies. Astronomical Journal. 2004, 127 (6): 3338–3360. Bibcode:2004AJ....127.3338B. arXiv:astro-ph/0403133可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/420712. 
  12. ^ R. Cid Fernandes, R. M. González Delgado, H. Schmitt, T. Storchi-Bergmann, Thaisa, L. P. Martins, E. Pérez, T. Heckman, C. Leitherer, D. Schaerer. The Stellar Populations of Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei. I. Ground-based Observations. Astrophysical Journal. 2004, 605 (1): 105–126. Bibcode:2004ApJ...605..105C. arXiv:astro-ph/0401416可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/382217. 
  13. ^ R. M. González Delgado, R. Cid Fernandes, E. Pérez, L. P. Martins, T. Storchi-Bergmann, H. Schmitt, T. Heckman, C. Leitherer. The Stellar Populations of Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei. II. Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph Observations. Astrophysical Journal. 2004, 605 (1): 127–143. Bibcode:2004ApJ...605..127G. arXiv:astro-ph/0401414可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/382216. 
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低电离星系核
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