Nasal palatal approximant
| Nasal palatal approximant | |
|---|---|
| j̃ |
The nasal palatal approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some oral languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨j̃⟩, that is, a j with a tilde. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j~, and in the Americanist phonetic notation it is ⟨ỹ⟩.
The nasal palatal approximant is sometimes called a nasal yod; [j̃] and [w̃] may be called nasal glides.
Features
[edit]Features of the nasal palatal approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, in this case in addition to through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
[edit][j̃], written ⟨ny⟩, is a common realization of /j/ before nasal vowels in many languages of West Africa that do not have a phonemic distinction between voiced nasal and oral stops, such as Yoruba, Ewe and Bini languages.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nheengatu | nheẽ | [j̃ẽʔẽ] | 'to speak' | Influenced Brazilian Portuguese ⟨nh⟩ sound. Sometimes written with ⟨ñ⟩ | |
| Hindustani[1] | संयम / sanyama | [səj̃jəm] | 'patience' |
Allophone of /n/ before [j]. See Hindustani phonology | |
| Kaingang[2] | [j̃ũ] | 'brave' | Possible word-initial realization of /j/ before a nasal vowel.[3] | ||
| Lombard | bisògn de | [biˈzɔj̃ d̪e] | 'need for (something)' |
Allophone of /ɲ/ before a consonant. See Lombard phonology | |
| Louisiana Creole[4] | [sɛ̃j̃ɛ̃] | 'bleed' |
Intervocalic allophone of /ɲ/ | ||
| Polish[5] | państwo | [ˈpãj̃stfɔ] | 'state, country' |
Allophone of /ɲ/ before fricatives. See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | Brazilian[6] | sonho | [ˈsõj̃ʊ] | 'dream' | Allophone of /ɲ/ between vowels, nasalizes the preceding vowel. Language's original /ɲ/ sound.[7][8] See Portuguese phonology |
| Most dialects[9] | cães | [kɐ̃j̃s] | 'dogs' | Allophone of /j/ after nasal vowels. | |
| Some dialects[7] | me ame! | [ˈmj̃ɐ̃mi] | 'love me!' | Non-syllabic allophone of /i/ between nasal sounds. | |
| Shipibo[10] | [example needed] | Allophone of /j/ after nasal vowels.[10] | |||
| Spanish | Zwolle-Ebarb[11] | año | [ˈãj̃o] | 'year' | Allophone of /ɲ/ between vowels, nasalizing the preceding vowel. |
| Other dialects, occasional in rapid, unguarded speech[12] | niños | [ˈnij̃os] | 'kids' | Allophone of /ɲ/. Because nasality is retained and there is no potential merger with any other Spanish phonemes, this process is rarely noticed, and its geographical distribution has never been determined. | |
| Sakha | айыы | [aȷ̃iː] | 'sin, transgression' | /ȷ̃/ is not distinguished from /j/ in the orthography[13] | |
See also
[edit]- Palatal nasal
- Nasal labio-velar approximant
- Labiodental nasal, which may be an approximant in the one language in which it is phonemic
- Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
- Index of phonetics articles
Notes
[edit]- ^ Canepari (2005:335)
- ^ Jolkesky (2009:676, 681)
- ^ Jolkesky (2009:681)
- ^ Klingler, Thomas A.; Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid (2013). "Louisiana Creole". In Susanne Maria Michaelis; Philippe Maurer; Martin Haspelmath; Magnus Huber (eds.). The survey of pidgin and creole languages. Vol. 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish–based, and French-based languages. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-967770-2.
- ^ Gussman (2007)
- ^ Perini (2002:?)
- ^ a b Portuguese vinho: diachronic evidence for biphonemic nasal vowels
- ^ Mattos e Silva (1991:73)
- ^ Vigário (2003:77)
- ^ a b Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:283)
- ^ Stark (1980:170)
- ^ Lipski, John M. (1989). "Spanish yeísmo and the palatal resonants: Towards a unified analysis" (PDF). Probus. 1 (2). doi:10.1515/prbs.1989.1.2.211. S2CID 170139844.
- ^ "Yakut language".
References
[edit]- Canepari, Luciano (2005), "Hindi", A Handbook of Pronunciation, Lincom Europa, p. 335
- Gussman, Edmund (2007), The Phonology of Polish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-926747-7
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, 3, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP: 675–685
- Mattos e Silva, Rosa (1991), O Português arcaico – fonologia, Contexto
- Perini, Mário Alberto (2002), Modern Portuguese (A Reference Grammar), New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-09155-7
- Stark, Louisa R. (1980). "Notes on a Dialect of Spanish Spoken in Northern Louisiana". Anthropological Linguistics (in Spanish). 22 (4): 163–176. ISSN 0003-5483. JSTOR 30027771.
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
- Vigário, Marina (2003), The Prosodic Word in European Portuguese, De Gruyter Mouton, ISBN 978-3-11-017713-8
Further reading
[edit]- Shosted; Hualde (2010), (Current Issues in Linguistic Theory volume 315) Romance Linguistics 2009: Selected Papers from the 39th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSRL), Tucson, Arizona, March 2009, John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 43–61, ISBN 978-90-272-4833-6
External links
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