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Voiceless bilabial nasal

Voiceless bilabial nasal
m̥
IPA Number114+402A
Audio sample
Encoding
X-SAMPAm_0
Braille⠍ (braille pattern dots-134)⠠ (braille pattern dots-6)⠫ (braille pattern dots-1246)

The voiceless bilabial nasal (stop) is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨m̥⟩, a combination of the letter for the voiced bilabial nasal and a diacritic indicating voicelessness. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is m_0.

Features

Features of the voiceless bilabial nasal:

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Aleut[1] quhmax̂ [qum̥aχ] 'white' Voiced approximants and nasals may be partly devoiced in contact with a voiceless consonant and at the end of a word.
Alutiiq keghmarluku [kəɡm̥aχluku] 'bite it repeatedly' Contrasts with voiced /m/.
Burmese[2] မှား/hma: [m̥á] 'false'
Central Alaskan Yup'ik[3] pisteḿun [ˈpistəm̥un] 'to the servant'
English RP[4] stop me [ˈstɒp͡m̥ mɪ] stop me
Estonian[5] lehm [ˈlehm̥] 'cow' Word-final allophone of /m/ after /t, s, h/.[5] See Estonian phonology
French prisme [pχism̥] 'prism' Allophone of word-final /m/ after voiceless consonants.[6] See French phonology
Hmong White Hmong Hmoob [m̥ɔ̃́] 'Hmong' Contrasts with voiced /m/. In Green Mong, it has merged with /m/.[7]
Icelandic kempa [cʰɛm̥pa] 'hero' Allophonic variation of /m/ before voiceless plosives. Minimally contrastive with /m/ before voiced plosives: kemba [cʰɛmpa] 'to comb'.[8] See Icelandic phonology
Jalapa Mazatec[9] hma [m̥a] 'black' Contrasts with a voiced and a laryngealized bilabial nasal.
Kildin Sami[10] лēӎӎьк/ljeehmhmk [lʲeːm̥ʲːk] 'strap'
Muscogee camhcá:ka [t͡ʃəm̥t͡ʃɑːɡə] 'bell' Allophone of /m/ before /h/ when in the same syllable.[11]
Ukrainian[12] ритм/rytm [rɪt̪m̥] 'rhythm' Word-final allophone of /m/ after voiceless consonants.[12] See Ukrainian phonology
Washo[13] Mášdɨmmi [ˈm̥aʃdɨmmi] 'he's hiding'
Welsh[14] fy mhen [və m̥ɛn] 'my head' Occurs as the nasal mutation of /p/. See Welsh phonology
Xumi Lower[15] [m̥ɛ̃˦] 'medicine' Contrasts with the voiced /m/.[15][16]
Upper[16]
Yi[17] ꂓ hmi [m̥i] 'name'

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Bergsland (1997).
  2. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 111.
  3. ^ Jacobson (1995), p. 3.
  4. ^ Wells (1982), p. 282.
  5. ^ a b Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
  6. ^ Walter (1977), p. 35.
  7. ^ Ratliff (2003), p. 24.
  8. ^ Jessen & Pétursson (1998), p. 44.
  9. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 107.
  10. ^ Kuruch (1985:529)
  11. ^ Martin (2011), p. 64.
  12. ^ a b Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 6.
  13. ^ Jacobsen (1964), p. 54.
  14. ^ Jones (1984:51)
  15. ^ a b Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367.
  16. ^ a b Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.
  17. ^ Gerner (2013), p. 21, 25.

References

  • Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009). "Estonian". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 39 (3): 367–372. doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x.
  • Bergsland, Knut (1997). Aleut grammar: = Unangam Tunuganaan Achixaasix̂. Research papers / Alaska Native Language Center. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska. ISBN 978-1-55500-064-6.
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013). "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (3): 363–379. doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157. JSTOR 26347850. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-07.
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013). "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (3): 381–396. doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-04-23.
  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995). Ukrainian. München: Lincom Europa. ISBN 9783929075083.
  • Gerner, Matthias (14 October 2013). "Phonology". In Bossong, Georg; Comrie, Bernar; Epps, Patiencce L.; Nikolaeva, Irina (eds.). A Grammar of Nuosu. Vol. 64. De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110308679. ISBN 9783110308679. ISSN 0933-7636.
  • Jacobsen, William Horton (15 August 1964). A grammar of the Washo language (PhD). University of California, Berkeley – via eScholarship.
  • Jacobson, Steven (1995). A Practical Grammar of the Central Alaskan Yup'ik Eskimo Language. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center. ISBN 978-1-55500-050-9.
  • Jessen, Michael; Pétursson, Magnús (1998). "Voiceless Nasal Phonemes in Icelandic". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 28 (1/2). Cambridge University Press: 43–53. doi:10.1017/S002510030000623X. JSTOR 44526855. S2CID 143745742.
  • Jones, Glyn E. (1984). "The distinctive vowels and consonants of Welsh". In Ball, Martin J.; Jones, Glyn E. (eds.). Welsh Phonology: Selected Readings. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 40–64. ISBN 0-7083-0861-9.
  • Kuruch, Rimma (2006) [1985]. Краткий грамматический очерк саамского языка [Brief grammatical sketch of the Sami language] (PDF) (in Russian).
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
  • Martin, Jack B. (2011). "General phonological processes". A Grammar of Creek (Muskogee). University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803211063 – via Google Books.
  • Ratliff, Martha (2003). "Hmong secret languages: themes and variations". In Bradley, David; LaPolla, Randy; Michialovsky, Boyd; Thurgood, Graham (eds.). Language variation: Papers on variation and change in the Sinosphere and in the Indosphere in honour of James A. Matisoff. Australian National University. pp. 21–34. doi:10.15144/PL-555.21. hdl:1885/146727. ISBN 0-85883-540-1.
  • Walter, Henriette (1977). La phonologie du français. Presses universitaires de France – via Google Books. Les phonèmes nasals sont généralement réalisés comme des consonnes sonores, mais il peut y avoir des réalisations sourdes (rhumatisme prononcé [-sm̥]). Ces réalisations sourdes se rencontrent en particulier en finale absolue, après consonne sourde
  • Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24224-X.

External links

International Phonetic Alphabet (chart)
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Voiceless bilabial nasal
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