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胁迫

胁迫(英語:coercion/kˈɜːrʒən, -ʃən/),或叫qiǎng强制压迫非意愿性,是指使用威胁或武力迫使另一方以非自愿的方式采取行动的做法[1]。它涉及到一系列不同类型的强迫行为,这些行为违反了个人的自由意志,以诱导期望的反应,例如:欺凌者向学生索要午餐钱或学生被殴打。这些行为可能包括敲诈勒索酷刑、威胁以引诱好处,甚至性侵犯。在法律上,胁迫被定为胁迫罪。这种行动被用作一种手段,迫使受害者以违背其自身利益的方式行事。胁迫可能涉及实际施加身体疼痛/伤害或心理伤害,以提高威胁的可信性。进一步伤害的威胁可能导致被胁迫者的合作服从

综述

强迫的目的是用自己的目的代替受害者的目的。因此,许多社会哲学家认为强制是自由的对立面[2]

不同形式的胁迫被区分:首先根据威胁伤害的种类,第二根据其目的和范围,最后根据其效果,它的法律、社会和伦理含义主要依赖于其效果。

身体上地

身体胁迫是最常被考虑的胁迫形式,其中有条件威胁的内容是对受害者、其亲属或财产使用武力英语Use of force。一个常用的例子是"用枪指着某人的头"(在枪口的威胁下——at gunpoint)或者“喉咙下的刀”(在刀尖的威胁下——at knifepoint或割喉)迫使受害者采取行动,否则受害者会被杀或受伤。这些是如此普遍,以至于它们也被用作其他形式的强迫的隐喻。

许多国家的武装部队使用行刑队来维持纪律,恐吓群众或反对派屈服或默默顺从英语Compliance (psychology)。然而,也有非物质形式的强迫,威胁伤害并不意味着立即使用武力。拜曼和韦克斯曼(2000)将胁迫定义为“使用威胁武力,包括有限地使用实际武力来支持威胁,以诱使对手采取不同的行动。”[3]

相关条目

参考资料

  1. ^ Definition of coercion. Merriam-Webster. [2021-01-16]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-29). 
  2. ^ Bhatia, Prof Dr K. L. Textbook on Legal Language and Legal Writing. Universal Law Publishing. 2010-01-01. ISBN 9788175348943 (英语). 
  3. ^ Byman, Daniel L.; Waxman, Matthew C.: Kosovo and the Great Air Power Debate, International Security, Vol. 24, No. 4 (Spring, 2000), pp. 5–38.
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胁迫
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