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精神虐待

精神虐待,是虐待的一種,指一個人導致其他人出現心理創傷焦慮症创伤后心理压力紧张综合症等心理傷害。這些虐待常常與權力不衡的場所有關連,例如欺凌虐兒和工作場所欺凌等。[1]

流行性

对儿童的精神虐待

定义

对儿童的精神虐待是指父母或照顾者对儿童的敌意、冷漠、拒绝或贬低,损害儿童的自尊、成就感、归属感、发展和幸福感。精神虐待有多种形式,如斥责、恐吓、孤立、利用、忽视、拒绝提供医疗等。[2]

特征

精神虐待的父母或照顾者通常有自己不幸的童年经历,但很少愿意谈及。他们对儿童的依恋行为感到不适和焦虑,因此采取了消极的照顾方式,如不回应、不关心、不赞扬、不安慰、不保护、不尊重儿童的需求和情感。他们也倾向于与外界隔绝,避免与专业人员合作,甚至威胁或恐吓他们。[2]

影响

精神虐待对儿童的身心发展有严重的负面影响。儿童可能会感到恐惧、不快乐、焦虑、抑郁、孤独、自卑、愤怒、反社会、富有攻击性等。他们也可能出现生长迟缓、免疫力低下、学习困难、人际关系障碍等问题。精神虐待还可能影响儿童的大脑发育,导致情绪调节和认知功能受损。[2]

儿童的应对

受精神虐待的儿童为了适应和生存,会发展出一些防御和适应的策略,如避免和抑制依恋行为和负面情绪,以减少被拒绝和伤害的风险;或者表现出顺从或自立的行为,以试图满足父母或照顾者的期望;或者在压力下爆发出愤怒和暴力,以释放内在的紧张和不满。这些策略虽然有助于儿童在短期内保护自己,但也会妨碍他们与他人建立亲密和信任的关系。[2]

冷暴力

通過冷淡、輕視、放任、疏遠及漠不關心,使期待關心的人精神或心理上受傷害,被稱為冷暴力

例子

参考文献

  1. ^ Maiuro, Roland D.; O'Leary, K. Daniel. Psychological Abuse in Violent Domestic Relations. New York:Springer Publishing Company. 2000: 197 [2011-10-25]. ISBN 0-8261-1374-5. (原始内容存档于2012-02-04). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Howe, David. Psychological Maltreatment Emotional Abuse, Neglect and Rejection. Child abuse and neglect: attachment, development and intervention 1. publ. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 2005. ISBN 978-1-4039-4826-7. 

外部链接

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精神虐待
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