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叠氮化钠

叠氮化钠
英文名 Sodium azide
别名 疊氮化钠
识别
CAS号 26628-22-8  checkY
PubChem 33557
ChemSpider 30958
SMILES
 
  • [N-]=[N+]=[N-].[Na+]
InChI
 
  • 1/N3.Na/c1-3-2;/q-1;+1
InChIKey PXIPVTKHYLBLMZ-UHFFFAOYAH
UN编号 1687
EINECS 247-852-1
ChEBI 278547
RTECS VY8050000
性质
化学式 NaN3
摩尔质量 65.01 g·mol⁻¹
外观 白色固體
密度 1.85 g/cm³ (固)
熔点 275 °C 分解
溶解性 41.7 g/100 mL (17°C)
危险性
欧盟危险性符号
剧毒剧毒 T+
危害环境危害环境N
易爆易爆 E
有害有害 Xn
警示术语 R:R28-R32-R50/53
安全术语 S:S1/2-S28-S45-S60-S61
MSDS External MSDS
NFPA 704
0
4
4
 
致死量或浓度:
LD50中位剂量
27 mg/kg (鼠,经口)[1]
相关物质
其他阳离子 叠氮化鋰叠氮化钾叠氮化銣叠氮化銫
相关化学品 氰化钠
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

叠氮化钠,化学式NaN3,无色六角形晶体,易溶于水和液氨。微溶于乙醇,不溶于乙醚。常温下稳定,高温分解。在撞擊下爆炸性分解:

2NaN3 → 2Na + 3N2

理论上每克叠氮化钠分解可以产生554毫升的氮气。

制法

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氨基钠一氧化二氮反应而成:[2][3]

2NaNH2 + N2O → NaN3 + NaOH + NH3

亚硝酸钠联氨制备:

NaNO2 + N2H4 → NaN3 + 2H2O

硝酸鈉氨基鈉製備:

NaNO3 + 3 NaNH2 → NaN3 + 3 NaOH + NH3

性質

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叠氮化钠在熱力學上不穩定,会在熔點附近發生分解反應,生成氮氣

2 NaN3 → 2 Na + 3 N2

它遇高熱或受碰撞會發生爆炸

在水中溶解度較大(17℃時 42 g/100 mL),顯弱鹼性。與一些过渡金屬盐类或二硫化碳反應,生成爆炸性強的疊氮化合物。此外,也可以與發生反應,產生具有爆炸性和刺激性臭味的有毒氣體疊氮化氫

疊氮化钠的晶格[4]疊氮化钠也是和疊氮化鋰一樣四方結構[5]

疊氮離子的結構是直線型并存在共振結構,N-N原子間距離為1.15Å

N=N+=N N≡N+ : N2− N2− : N+≡N

用途

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  • 水溶液可以使蛋白质变性,在生化分析中用于沉淀蛋白质;
  • 叠氮化钠片是汽车安全气囊的主要成分,能在发生碰撞的时候分解产生大量氮气将气囊鼓起;
  • 常用于有机合成用于制造有机叠氮化物中间体
  • 醋酸铅反应可以得到叠氮化铅,叠氮化铅在军事上用来制造雷管

毒性

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叠氮化钠的溶液有剧毒,小鼠口服半致死量为27 mg/kg[1]

参考资料

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Stevens E.D., Hope H. A Study of the Electron-Density Distribution in Sodium Azide, NaN
    3
    . Acta Crystallographica A. 1977, 33: 723.
     
  2. ^ Gerhard Jander, Ewald Blasius, Joachim Strähle: Einführung in das anorganisch-chemische Praktikum. 14. Auflage. Hirzel, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-7776-0672-3, S. 205.
  3. ^ G. Brauer (Hrsg.): Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry. 2. Auflage. vol. 1, Academic Press, 1963, S. 474–475.
  4. ^ Pringle, G. E.; Noakes, D. E. The crystal structures of lithium, sodium and strontium azides. Acta Cryst. February 1968,. B24 (2): 262–269. doi:10.1107/S0567740868002062. 
  5. ^ Khilji, M. Y.; Sherman, W. F.; Wilkinson, G. R. Variable temperature and pressure Raman spectra of potassium azide KN3. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy (Wiley-Blackwell). 1982, 12 (3): 300–303. ISSN 0377-0486. doi:10.1002/jrs.1250120319. 
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叠氮化钠
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