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半開後不圓唇元音

半開後不圓唇元音
ʌ
IPA編號314
編碼
HTML碼(十進制)ʌ
Unicode碼(十六進制)U+028C
X-SAMPA音標V
ASCII音標V
IPA盲文英语IPA Braille⠬ (braille pattern dots-346)
音頻範例

半開後不圓唇元音(open-mid back unrounded vowel、low-mid back unrounded vowel、[1])是母音的一種,用於部分口語中。代表此音的國際音標符號為ʌ;而其X-SAMPA音標則寫作V

國際音標中的此音的符號為倒轉的v,且符號本身和此音很多時候被講成是一個楔形、脫字符或帽子。

在表示部分語言(包括部分英語方言)的發音時,這符號亦用作次開央元音之符號。

在普通话中,拼音e有时会通过辅音化的[ɯ]后加上/ʌ/实现,如he=/xɰʌ/

朝鲜语有此音,是标准语中谚文的发音,也用於表示中古朝鮮語中谚文的发音。另外在朝鮮文化语則讀作/ɔ/

特徵

  • 元音舌位,表示舌頭的位置會盡可能地朝向口腔後部,但不至于阻礙氣流而被歸類為子音。
  • 圓唇度不圓唇元音,嘴唇自然放鬆,不特別向前突起。

见于

语言 词汇 国际音标 意义 注释
加泰罗尼亚语 索尔索纳县[2] tarda [ˈtaɾð̞ʌ̃ː] 下午 词尾非重读的/ə/的同位异音
艾米莉亚-罗马涅语 [3] 主要的艾米莉亚方言 Bulåggna [buˈlʌɲːɐ] 博洛尼亚 和一个介于/ɔ//ä/间的音对立;在某些拼写里写作ò
英语 开普敦[4] lot [lʌt] 和所有其他南非英语变体的微弱圆唇的[ɒ̈]对应。参见南非英语音系
南非英语[4]
加的夫方言[5] thought [θʌːt] 想法 对于部分使用者,可能更圆唇、更闭。参见英语音系
通用南非英语[6] no [nʌː] 可能是双元音[ʌʊ̯][7]参见南非英语音系
美国英语[8] gut [ɡʌt] 'gut' 在主要方言里前移为[ɜ],或再低化为[ɐ]。参见英语音系和北城元音迁移
北美内陆英语[9]
多元文化伦敦英语[10]
纽芬兰英语[11]
北东盎格鲁英语[12]
费城英语[13]
苏格兰英语[14]
一些河口英语使用者[15]
法语 皮卡第[16] alors [aˈlʌʀ̥] 所以 和标准法语/ɔ/对应。
德语 开姆尼茨方言[17] machen [ˈmʌχɴ̩] /ʌ, ʌː/(声学上是央元音的[ɜɜː])[18]/ŋ, kʰ, k, χ, ʁ/旁的同位异音。在/χ, ʁ/前的优先级更低。[19]
海达语[20] ḵwaáay [qʰwʌʔáːj] 石头 /a/ (有时也是/aː/)在小舌音和会厌音后的同位异音。[21]
爱尔兰语 乌尔斯特方言[22] ola [ʌl̪ˠə] 参见爱尔兰语音系
Kaingang[23] [ˈɾʌ] 记号 介于后元音[ʌ]和央元音[ɜ]间。[24]
Kensiu[25] [hʌʎ] 溪流
韩语[26] / neo [nʌ] 参见韩语音系
Lillooet [比如?] /ə/的对应后移音。
Mah Meri[27] [比如?] /ə/的同位异音;可以是中央元音[ə]或半闭后元音[ɤ][27]
尼泊尔语 असल/asal [ʌsʌl] 参见尼泊尔语音系
Oʼodham Pima 和Papago的[ɨ]对应。
俄语 标准圣彼得堡方言[28] голова/golová [ɡəɫ̪ʌˈvä] 和标准莫斯科[ɐ]对应;[28]主要出现在重读音节前。参见俄语音系
泰米尔语[29] [比如?] 鼻化。/am/的实现。可能是[õ][ã][29]参见泰米尔语音系

第二次世界大战前,标准英音/ʌ/已经不在语音学上靠近一个后元音[ʌ]了,而是向前的[ɐ] (一个次开央不圆唇元音)。丹尼尔·琼斯报告他的方言(英国南部)有一个前移的后元音[ʌ̟]介于中/ə/和后/ɔ/之间;不过他也说其他南部使用者有更低、更前移的元音,达到了基本元音[a][30]在北美英语变体如西部、中西部、南部城区中,/ʌ/的典型实现是半开央元音[ɜ][31][32]真正的后的[ʌ]可以出现在北美内陆英语、纽芬兰英语、费城英语、一些非洲裔美国英语,和位于沿海平原、派蒙特附近的(老派)白人美国南部英语。[33][34]但⟨ʌ⟩仍被广泛描写这一音素,甚至更普遍的央化变体[ɐ][ɜ]也一样。这可能因为传统与一些方言都仍保持着旧时拼写。[35]

註釋

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ Anàlisi dialectològica d'uns parlars del Solsonès. prezi.com. [2019-11-29]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-14) (英语). 
  3. ^ Scrîver al bulgnaiṡ cum và. bulgnais.com. [2021-01-12]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-26) (egl). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Lass (2002),第115頁.
  5. ^ Collins & Mees (1990),第95頁.
  6. ^ Wells (1982),第614, 621頁.
  7. ^ Wells (1982),第614頁.
  8. ^ Wells (1982),第485頁.
  9. ^ W. Labov, S. Ash and C. Boberg, A national map of the regional dialects of American English, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, 1997 [May 27, 2013], (原始内容存档于2005-12-23) 
  10. ^ Gimson (2014),第91頁.
  11. ^ Thomas (2001),第27–28, 61–63頁.
  12. ^ Trudgill (2004),第167頁.
  13. ^ Thomas (2001),第27–28, 73–74頁.
  14. ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006),第7頁.
  15. ^ Altendorf & Watt (2004),第188頁.
  16. ^ Picardie : phonétique. [29 January 2015]. (原始内容存档于2016-10-09). 
  17. ^ Khan & Weise (2013),第235, 238頁.
  18. ^ Khan & Weise (2013),第236頁.
  19. ^ Khan & Weise (2013),第238頁.
  20. ^ Lawrence (1977),第32–33頁.
  21. ^ Lawrence (1977),第32–33, 36頁.
  22. ^ Ní Chasaide (1999),第114–115頁.
  23. ^ Jolkesky (2009),第676–677, 682頁.
  24. ^ Jolkesky (2009),第676, 682頁.
  25. ^ Bishop (1996),第230頁.
  26. ^ Lee (1999).
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 Kruspe & Hajek (2009),第245頁.
  28. ^ 28.0 28.1 Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015),第225頁.
  29. ^ 29.0 29.1 Keane (2004),第114頁.
  30. ^ Jones (1972),第86–88頁.
  31. ^ Gordon (2004b),第340頁.
  32. ^ Tillery & Bailey (2004),第333頁.
  33. ^ Thomas (2001),第27–28, 112–115, 121, 134, 174頁.
  34. ^ Gordon (2004a),第294–296頁.
  35. ^ Roca & Johnson (1999),第135頁.

參考文獻

  • Altendorf, Ulrike; Watt, Dominic, The dialects in the South of England: phonology, Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (编), A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter: 181–196, 2004, ISBN 3-11-017532-0 
  • Bishop, Nancy, A preliminary description of Kensiu (Maniq) phonology (PDF), Mon–Khmer Studies Journal, 1996, 25 [2018-02-15], (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-10-05) 
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., The Phonetics of Cardiff English, Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (编), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd.: 87–103, 1990 [2018-02-15], ISBN 1-85359-032-0, (原始内容存档于2017-03-11) 
  • Gimson, Alfred Charles, Cruttenden, Alan , 编, Gimson's Pronunciation of English 8th, Routledge, 2014 [2018-02-15], ISBN 9781444183092, (原始内容存档于2019-06-02) 
  • Gordon, Matthew, New York, Philadelphia and other Northern Cities, Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (编), A Handbook of Varieties of English: Volume 1: Phonology, Walter de Gruyter: 294–296, 2004a, ISBN 3-11-017532-0 
  • Gordon, Matthew, The West and Midwest: phonology, Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (编), A Handbook of Varieties of English: Volume 1: Phonology, Walter de Gruyter: 340, 2004b, ISBN 3-11-017532-0 
  • Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery, Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble, Anais do SETA (Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP), 2009, 3: 675–685 [2018-02-15], (原始内容存档于2012-03-04) 
  • Jones, Daniel, An outline of English phonetics 9th, Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd., 1972 
  • Keane, Elinor, Tamil, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (1): 111–116, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549 
  • Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze, Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect) (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (2): 231–241 [2018-02-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145, (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-01-28) 
  • Kruspe, Nicole; Hajek, John, Mah Meri, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2009, 39 (2): 241–248, doi:10.1017/S0025100309003946 
  • Lass, Roger, South African English, Mesthrie, Rajend (编), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 9780521791052 
  • Lawrence, Erma, Haida dictionary, Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, 1977 [2018-02-15], (原始内容存档于2013-08-01) 
  • Lee, Hyun Bok, Korean, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press: 120–122, 1999, ISBN 0-521-63751-1 
  • Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe. Irish. Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press. 1999: 111–116. ISBN 0-521-63751-1. 
  • Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn, Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing, 1999 
  • Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin, Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview, Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers, 2006 
  • Thomas, Erik R., An acoustic analysis of vowel variation in New World English, Publication of the American Dialect Society (Duke University Press for the American Dialect Society), 2001, 85, ISSN 0002-8207 
  • Tillery, Jan; Bailey, Guy, The urban South: phonology, Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (编), A Handbook of Varieties of English: Volume 1: Phonology, Walter de Gruyter: 333, 2004, ISBN 3-11-017532-0 
  • Wells, J.C. Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1982. ISBN 0-521-28541-0. 
  • Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel, Russian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2015, 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395 

外部連結

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半開後不圓唇元音
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