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高氯酸镁

高氯酸镁
识别
CAS号 10034-81-8  checkY
PubChem 24840
ChemSpider 23223
SMILES
 
  • [Mg+2].O=Cl(=O)(=O)[O-].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O
InChI
 
  • 1/2ClHO4.Mg/c2*2-1(3,4)5;/h2*(H,2,3,4,5);/q;;+2/p-2
InChIKey MPCRDALPQLDDFX-NUQVWONBAH
RTECS SC8925000
性质
化学式 Mg(ClO4)2
摩尔质量 223.206 g·mol⁻¹
外观 易潮解的白色粉末
密度 2.21 g/cm3
熔点 251 °C
沸点 分解
溶解性 99.3 g/100 mL
溶解性乙醇 24 g/100 mL
危险性
警示术语 R:R8, R36, R37, R38
安全术语 S:S17, S26, S27, S36, S37, S39
MSDS External MSDS
欧盟编号 未提及
NFPA 704
0
1
0
OX
相关物质
其他阳离子 高氯酸钙
高氯酸钡
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

高氯酸镁是一种强氧化剂,化学式为Mg(ClO4)2。它可以由氧化镁溶于30%高氯酸制得:

MgO + 2HClO4 → Mg(ClO4)2 + H2O

反应过程需不断搅拌,分多次缓慢加入氧化镁粉末,缓慢滴加高氯酸溶液,溶液呈弱酸性后停止滴加。然后用冷却热饱和溶液的方法结晶,液体表面刚出现结晶薄膜时停止加热,然后过滤可得六水合高氯酸镁,再真空加热制得无水高氯酸镁。

或者使饱和高氯酸钠溶液与氯化镁发生复分解反应,过滤除去氯化钠,再用上述方法结晶:

MgCl2 + 2NaClO4 → Mg(ClO4)2 + 2NaCl

高氯酸镁加热到250 °C即分解并放出氧气,与还原剂有机化合物、易燃物混合易爆炸。[1]它的标准摩尔生成热为-568.90 kJ mol-1[2]

无水高氯酸镁是白色多孔的物质。它的溶解热相当高,因此高氯酸镁在溶液中反应时需用大量水稀释。它是实验室常用的干燥剂,被用于干燥气体样品,它的吸水效率(指足量干燥剂与水蒸气完全反应后气体中的水蒸气浓度)仅次于五氧化二磷,比浓硫酸氢氧化钾、无水氯化钙等干燥剂高得多。它吸水量也很大,最多可达自身质量的60%。

高氯酸镁遇到水蒸气即结合成六水合高氯酸镁:

Mg(ClO4)2 + 6H2O → Mg(ClO4)2·6H2O

[3][4]无水高氯酸镁能吸收甲醇乙醇丙酮吡啶、乙腈氨和硝基甲烷的蒸汽,可用来分析有机化合物的成分(会吸收分),但用它干燥有机物蒸汽曾发生爆炸,因此必须谨慎使用。科学家也建议不再使用它,因为高氯酸盐对人体有害,[5]吸过水的高氯酸镁在250 °C时真空加热,失去6分子结晶水,又得到无水高氯酸镁。

参考资料

[编辑]
  1. ^ CRC Handbook of Physics and Chemistry(Version 2010)
  2. ^ Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (16th Edition)
  3. ^ H. H. Willard, G. F. Smith. The Preparation and Properties of Magnesium Perchlorate and its Use as a Drying Agent. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1922, 44 (10): 2255–2259. doi:10.1021/ja01431a022. 
  4. ^ L. Wu, H. He. Preparation of perlite-based magnesium perchlorate desiccant with colour indicator. The Chemical Educator. 1994, 41 (5): 633–637. doi:10.1016/0039-9140(94)80041-3. 
  5. ^ W. L. F. Armarego and C. Chai. Purification of laboratory chemicals. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. 2003. ISBN 0750675713. 
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高氯酸镁
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