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熔岩行星

艺术家概念下的柯洛7b,可能是颗太阳系外的熔岩行星。

熔岩行星是表面全部或大部分被熔化的岩浆所覆盖的一种假设的类地行星。存在这种行星的可能情况是最近遭受巨大撞击;或非常靠近其母恒星的年轻类地行星,因为巨大的潮汐力或辐照量而使表面熔化[1]

事实

熔岩行星的轨道可能常靠近母恒星。有着偏心轨道的行星,在通过近星点时会遭受较强大的潮汐力,而对行星产生周期性的定时扭曲,由此产生的摩擦会产生内热。这种潮汐加热可以熔化岩石成为岩浆,然后经由火山爆发而覆盖在表面。这是类似于太阳系中,轨道接近母行星木星的卫星埃欧。埃欧有数以百计的火山和广泛分布于表面的熔岩,是太阳系中地质最活跃的天体。轨道常靠近母恒星的熔岩世界,或许可以用“超级埃欧”这个名词来称呼[2]。“超级埃欧”的系外行星可能像埃欧一样,由于持续的火山活动使得表面广泛的堆积著硫[3]

然而,潮汐力不是能塑造熔岩行星的唯一因素。除了轨道近母恒星引发的潮汐力,激烈的恒星辐射也可以熔化地壳的表面直接成为熔岩。潮汐锁定的行星被照射的表面可以覆盖着岩浆海,而黑暗的一面可能有岩浆湖,或来自热表面蒸发的岩石,在黑暗面冷凝所引起的岩石雨。该行星的质量也会是一个因素。类地行星的板块构造与行星的质量相关,预期比地球更巨大的行星,展现的板块活动会引发更激烈的火山活动。

原行星在刚形成之后,倾向于有着大量的内热活动,造成激烈的火山活动,甚至相对较小的行星其轨道会远离母恒星。熔岩行星也可能是巨大撞击造成的结果,在形成月球的假说中,地球在遭受到兴火星大小的天体撞击之后,就曾经一度短暂的成为熔岩行星。

候选者

太阳系内没有已知的熔岩世界行星,但理论上在太阳系外还是可能有熔岩世界存在。有几颗已知的系外行星,只要有事宜的质量、大小和轨道,就可能是熔岩行星。这些可能的熔岩行星包括柯洛7b [4]开普勒-10b[5]半人马座αBb[6]开普勒78b[7]

相关条目

参考资料

  1. ^ Tidally Heated Terrestrial Exoplanets: Viscoelastic Response Models页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Wade G. Henning, Richard J. O'Connell, Dimitar D. Sasselov, (Submitted on 10 Dec 2009)
  2. ^ CoRoT-7 b: Super-Earth or Super-Io?页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Rory Barnes, Sean N. Raymond, Richard Greenberg, Brian Jackson, Nathan A. Kaib, (Submitted on 7 Dec 2009)
  3. ^ Battaglia, Steven M.; Castillo, Marco E.; Knudson, Christine A. An investigation of extensive tidally heated super-earths (super-ios) using a sulfur solubility model of Gliese 876 d (PDF). 45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. March 2014 [2016-12-25]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-03). 
  4. ^ Ker Than. Hellish Exoplanet Rains Hot Pebbles, Has Lava Oceans. National Geographic. October 6, 2009 [2016-12-25]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-02). 
  5. ^ Kepler-10b: world of lava oceans. Astronotes. January 11, 2011 [2016-12-25]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-19). 
  6. ^ New Planet Is Closest Yet: Earth-Size Lava World a Space "Landmark". Daily News. National Geographic. October 17, 2012 [2016-12-25]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-29). 
  7. ^ Ellie Zolfagharifard. The newly discovered lava-filled planet where years are just 8.5 HOURS long. Mail Online. August 20, 2013 [2016-12-25]. (原始内容存档于2018-04-20). 
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熔岩行星
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