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星际彗星

百武彗星 (C/1996 B2)(于1996年3月25日最接近地球)

星际彗星是位于星际空间中[1],并且不受恒星引力约束的彗星[2]。虽然尚未查明这种天体是否普遍存在,但确实有一些是存在的:行星的引力和经过的恒星会将奥尔特云中的许多彗星从太阳系散射出去,相似的过程也可能在系外行星的系统中进行,因此可以期望有众多不受恒星引力约束的彗星体[1]。目前,对星际彗星的检测只能从它经过太阳系时是否呈现明显的双曲线轨迹,才能与来自奥尔特云的彗星区别开(这显示出它不受太阳引力约束)[2]。已经观察到一些不明显的双曲线轨道彗星,但这些轨迹的彗星被认为是从松散的奥尔特云逃逸的,不能明确指认出它们原本是来自星际空间的彗星。

当前的奥尔特云形成模型表明从奥尔特云逃逸进入星际空间的彗星比留在奥尔特云内的还要多,其倍数从3-100[2],其它的模拟也认为90-99%的彗星会被抛出[3]。没有理由相信其它恒星的彗星不会相似的被散射[1]

日地关系卫星-A于2007年4月观察到的彗星梅克贺兹1 (96P/Machholz)

如果存在着星际彗星,它们应该会经常的拜访内太阳系[1]。它们会以任何的速度接近太阳系,并且多数会来自武仙座的区域,因为那是太阳运动所朝向的方向[4]。没有彗星的速度大于太阳系的逃逸速度的事实[5]被用来规范它们在星际空间中的密度上限。Torbett在一份论文中指出密度不会超过每立方秒差距1013颗彗星[6],其他的分析,来自LINEAR的资料,上限是4.5 ×10−4/AU3,或每立方秒差距1012颗彗星[2]

在罕见的情况下,星际彗星以日心轨道通过太阳系时会被捕获。电脑模拟显示木星是唯一有足够质量可以捕获彗星的行星,并且预计是每6,000万年发生一次[6]梅克贺兹一号彗星可能是这种彗星的一个例子,因为它的化学变化不同于典型的太阳系彗星[5]

相关条目

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Valtonen, Mauri J.; Jia-Qing Zheng, Seppo Mikkola. Origin of oort cloud comets in the interstellar space. Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy (Springer Netherlands). March 1992, 54 (1-3): 37–48 [2008-12-30]. Bibcode:1992CeMDA..54...37V. doi:10.1007/BF00049542. (原始内容存档于2019-09-13). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Francis, Paul J. The Demographics of Long-Period Comets (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 2005-12-20, 635 (2): 1348–1361 [2009-01-03]. Bibcode:2005ApJ...635.1348F. arXiv:astro-ph/0509074可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/497684. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-12-16). 
  3. ^ Choi, Charles Q. The Enduring Mysteries of Comets. Space.com. 2007-12-24 [2008-12-30]. (原始内容存档于2010-09-17). 
  4. ^ Struve, Otto; Lynds, Beverly and Pillans, Helen. Elementary Astronomy. New York: Oxford University Press. 1959: 150. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 MacRobert, Alan. A Very Oddball Comet. Sky & Telescope. 2008-12-02 [2010-03-26]. (原始内容存档于2008-12-07). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Torbett, M. V. Capture of 20 km/s approach velocity interstellar comets by three-body interactions in the planetary system. Astronomical Journal. July 1986, 92: 171–175. Bibcode:1986AJ.....92..171T. doi:10.1086/114148. 
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星际彗星
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