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掠日彗星

掠日彗星的典型轨道

掠日彗星是指近日点极接近太阳彗星,其距离可短至离太阳表面仅数千公里。较小的掠日彗星会在接近太阳时被完全蒸发掉,而较大的彗星则可通过近日点多次。但太阳强大的潮汐力通常仍会使它们分裂。

克鲁兹族

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在多种掠日彗星类型之中,以克鲁兹族彗星(Kreutz Sungrazers)最为著名,它们全是由一颗巨大彗星在进入内太阳系时分裂而成,从而产生不少小型彗星。在公元前371年,亚里士多德伊比鸠鲁目睹的极亮彗星可能是其母体。

1843年及1882年出现的大彗星,以及1965年的池谷·关彗星,全是同一彗星的碎片。它们通过近日点时,放出极为光亮的彗尾,其光度比满月还要亮得多,在晴朗的白天也能以肉眼看得到。

随着1995年发射SOHO卫星,更多的克鲁兹族掠日彗星被发现,不少小型彗星在通过近日点时会被太阳的强大引力及潮汐力摧毁或吞噬。及后人们认为克鲁兹族彗星的数量比估计的多。在未来,可能会有一大群克鲁兹族掠日彗星回归。

其他类型

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在SOHO卫星所观测得的掠日彗星中,有近90%属于克鲁兹族,而余下的10%则较为零散并不时会出现,但仍为它们分为四大类,分别为科里切特族(Kracht)、科里切特2A族马斯登族(Marsden)及迈耶族(Meyer)。当中马斯登族及科里切特族或与96P周期彗星——梅克贺兹一号彗星存在着莫大关系,该彗星也可能是象限仪座流星雨白天白羊座流星雨的母体彗星。

1680年大彗星是掠日彗星,虽然被牛顿用来验证开普勒的轨道运动方程式,但它不属于任何的彗星群。 然而,彗星C/2012 S1在近日点前不久解体,具有与1680年大彗星相似的轨道元素[1],可能是该彗星群的第二个成员[2]

起源

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研究指出轨道倾斜角较大以及近日点少于2AU的彗星,会在通过其他天体的轨道时为重力所摄动,使其近日点日距稍微减少,其近日点久而久之会变得极接近太阳,该彗星也会随之成为掠日彗星。另有研究指海尔·博普彗星会有15%机会成为一颗掠日彗星。

参考资料

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  1. Bailey M.E., Emel'yanenko V.V., Hahn G., Harris N.W., Hughes K.A., Muinonen K. (1996), Orbital evolution of Comet 1995 O1 Hale-Bopp, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 281, p. 916-924.
  2. Bailey M.E., Chambers J.E., Hahn G. (1992), Origin of sungrazers - A frequent cometary end-state, Astronomy and Astrophysics, v. 257, p. 315-322.
  3. Ohtsuka K., Nakano S., Yoshikawa M. (2003), On the Association among Periodic Comet 96P/Machholz, Arietids, the Marsden Comet Group, and the Kracht Comet Group, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, v. 55, p. 321-324

外部链接

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  1. ^ Sekanina, Zdenek; Kracht, Rainer. Disintegration of Comet C/2012 S1 (ISON) Shortly Before Perihelion: Evidence From Independent Data Sets. 8 May 2014. arXiv:1404.5968可免费查阅 [astro-ph.EP]. 
  2. ^ J. Bortle. the orbital elements' distinct and surprising similarity to those of the Great Comet of 1680. comets-ml · Comets Mailing List. 2012-09-24 [2012-10-05]. (原始内容存档于December 9, 2012). 
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掠日彗星
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