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小分子干扰核糖核酸

培养环境下的哺乳动物细胞中,经由siRNA传达的RNA干扰机制。

小分子干扰核糖核酸(英语:small interfering RNA缩写siRNA),又译为小干扰核糖核酸,又称短干扰核糖核酸short interfering RNA)或沉默核糖核酸silencing RNA),是长度20到25个核苷酸双股RNA,在生物学上有许多不同的用途。目前已知siRNA主要参与RNA干扰(RNAi)现象,以带有专一性的方式调节基因表达。此外,也参与一些与RNAi相关的反应途径,例如抗病毒机制或是染色质结构的改变。不过这些复杂机制的反应途径目前尚未明了。 siRNA最早是由英国戴维·鲍尔库姆(David Baulcombe)团队发现,是植物中的后转录基因沉默(post-transcriptional gene silencing;PTGS)现象的一部分[1],其研究结果发表于《科学[2]。2001年,汤玛士·涂许尔(Thomas Tuschl)团队发现合成的siRNA,可诱导哺乳动物体内的RNAi作用[3],结果发表于《自然[4]。这项发现引发了利用可控制的RNAi,来进行生物医学研究与药物开发的方法。

结构

siRNA通常是一段长21个核苷酸的双股RNA(dsRNA),其两股分别在RNA的两端超出另一端2个核苷酸,图示如下:

每一股各有一个5'磷酸基末端与一个3'羟基末端。此结构经dicer作用而得,dicer这种将较长的双股RNA或小发夹RNA(small hairpin RNA)切成siRNA[5]。此外,siRNA也可经由多种不同转染(transfection)技术导入细胞内,并对特定基因产生具专一性的基因敲落(knockdown)效果。本质上,任何已知序列的基因都可以、也因此是经过适当剪裁而具有序列互补性的siRNA的作用对象。这使siRNA成为研究基因功能与药物目标的一项重要工具。

参考文献

引用

  1. ^ Hamilton A,; Baulcombe D. A species of small antisense RNA in posttranscriptional gene silencing in plants. Science. 1999, 286 (5441): 950–2. PMID 10542148. 
  2. ^ Hamilton A, Baulcombe D. A species of small antisense RNA in posttranscriptional gene silencing in plants. Science. 1999, 286 (5441): 950–2. PMID 10542148. 
  3. ^ Elbashir S, Harborth J, Lendeckel W, Yalcin A, Weber K, Tuschl T. Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells. Nature. 2001, 411 (6836): 494–8. PMID 11373684. 
  4. ^ Elbashir S, Harborth J, Lendeckel W, Yalcin A, Weber K, Tuschl T. Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells. Nature. 2001, 411 (6836): 494–8. PMID 11373684. 
  5. ^ Bernstein E, Caudy A, Hammond S, Hannon G. Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference. Nature. 2001, 409 (6818): 363–6. PMID 11201747. 

来源

概观
非专一性效用

外部链接

设计与定性工具
数据库
siRNA关联企业

参见

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小分子干扰核糖核酸
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