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什叶派宗教学者等级

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伊斯兰教什叶派的一些支派,如十二伊玛目派认为,对于不确定或不可靠的教法问题能够通过“创制”(伊智提赫德)得出结论。有资格进行创制的宗教学者(乌理玛)被称为“穆智台希德”;一般来说,宗教学者在宗教学校学习数年后才能成为穆智台希德,他们分为若干等级。

等级

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大阿亚图拉波斯语مرجع تقلید‎;阿拉伯语:آية ‌الله العظمی‎,罗马化ʾĀyatullāh al-ʿUẓmā),穆智台希德的最高称号,意为“真主最伟大的象征”。如已故伊朗最高领袖何梅尼、现伊朗最高领袖阿里·哈米尼、伊拉克宗教领袖阿里·西斯塔尼

阿亚图拉(阿拉伯语:آية الله‎,罗马化ʾĀyatullāh波斯语آيت‌الله‎),较高级的穆智台希德,意为“真主的象征”。如伊朗已故总统阿克巴尔·哈什米·拉夫桑贾尼

霍贾特伊斯兰,低级穆智台希德,意为“伊斯兰和穆斯林的证据”。如伊拉克宗教学者穆克塔达·萨德尔

此外,为数众多的阿訇等最低级宗教学者不属于穆智台希德,被称为“希卡特伊斯兰”,意为“伊斯兰的信任”。

普通人应选择一位穆智台希德作为效仿对象,大阿亚图拉是“效仿渊源”(Wilayat al-Taqlid)[1][失效链接]。有时还存在一个“最高效仿渊源”。

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参考文献

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什叶派宗教学者等级
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