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毛拉

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毛拉(阿拉伯语:مولی‎),旧译“满拉”、“莫洛”、“毛喇”、“曼拉”。这个词的历史、意义、和用法都很多。

7~8世纪,阿拉伯哈里发国家将非阿拉伯血统的穆斯林称为“毛拉”,其复数形式为“马瓦里”(Mawali),汉语译为“释奴”。埃及艾哈迈德·艾敏著《阿拉伯一伊斯兰文化史》称:“毛拉”是从“瓦拉”(Wala’)派生出来的被动名词,通指“被释放者”、“被解放者”、“被管理者”,并非专指“被释放的奴隶”。泰伯里《古兰经注》称:“伊本萨比特解释《古兰经》‘我让每一个人都成为毛拉’这句话时说道:‘蒙昧时代,称同宗的人为毛拉。后来对外国人无以称之,便称为毛拉’。”

除了上述的词汇来源,毛拉也有可能间接来源于波斯语穆拉(ملا ,英语:Mullah),其来源于阿拉伯语Mawla, 用来称呼伊斯兰教的教士。

现在伊斯兰国家,尤其是中亚印度次大陆将知识分子、学者尊称为“毛拉”,通常指伊斯兰学者,相当于汉语的“先生”。什叶派有时将伊玛目也称为毛拉,以示尊崇。

中国新疆维吾尔突厥语族穆斯林,将清真寺阿訇、教长称作“毛拉”,其中德高望重者称“大毛拉”。甘肃宁夏青海、新疆等地通用汉语的保安东乡等族穆斯林,把在清真寺学习经文的学生称为“满拉”,该词即为“毛拉”的异译。《回疆志》称:“又有识字之回,号莫洛,唯能粗译文义。”“莫洛”即“毛拉”。

维吾尔族在男性人名前冠以“毛拉”,以示有文化、受人尊敬的身份,如毛拉穆萨、毛拉比拉勒、毛拉宰因丁等。

参考文献

[编辑]
  • Hourani, Albert. A History of the Arab People. Chapter 1.
  • Mas'udi. The Meadows of Gold. Trans. and eds. Paul Lunde and Caroline Stone.

延伸阅读

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毛拉
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