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詭辯

此條目需要精通或熟悉哲學的编者参与及协助编辑。 (2010年10月26日)請邀請適合的人士改善本条目。更多的細節與詳情請參见討論頁。另見其他需要哲學專家關注的頁面

诡辩(英語:Sophism), 也称为诡辩术(英語:Sophistry),可以表达为着两种截然不同的定义:在现代,诡辩是一个用于欺骗别人的混淆或不合逻辑的论点,也就是外表上、形式上好像是运用正确的推理手段,实际上违反逻辑规律,做出似是而非的推理[1] 。在古希腊诡辩士(Sophist)们是一群哲学修辞学的教师,以挣钱为目的。亚里士多德在《辨谬篇》的第二章提到:“诡辩者的艺术式只有智慧的表象,没有真实的智慧,诡辩者是通过看起来有智慧但不真有智慧的方式来赚钱的人”。[2]

诡辩(Sophism)一词源出希臘語σοφιστής。诡辩这一学派与苏格拉底柏拉图同时。柏拉图曾多次指责诡辩家们爲“恶人”。他们中很多为了自己利益而不遵从清晰原则。他们欲以授业来赚钱,看重特权及名声,善于修辞。他们中最具影响力的是色雷斯的普罗泰戈拉[3]

诡辩术与辩证法的区分

诡辩术(Sophistry)与辩证法(Dialectics)有相似和不同之处[4]

  • 相似处:辩证法[5],针对已经给出的论证,从普遍接受前提出发的,推理出与已给定论的矛盾。诡辩术也是如此[6]
  • 不同之处:诡辩术在主观方面以欺骗为目的[1],客观上在论证中故意引入违背逻辑的谬论(Fallacy),做出有欺骗性的似是而非的推理和论证。 而辩证法主观方面没有以欺骗为目的,客观上尽力避免违背逻辑的谬论(Fallacy)。

将诡辩装扮成辩证法的情况,在生活中无处不在, 以至于有时有关社区会觉得这些诡辩是辩证法[1]。 人们公正和正义感因此被侵蚀, 没有意识到这种做法带来的负面影响 [7]

相關

參考文獻

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詭辯
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